147 lines
23 KiB
Markdown
147 lines
23 KiB
Markdown
#language
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# Sounds ⁊ Letters
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## Phonology and phonotactics
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Mosici has the following phonemes:
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| | Labials | Coronals | Palatals | Dorsals |
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| ---------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| **Nasals** | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">m</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">n</span> | | |
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| **Stops** | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">p</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">t</span> | | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">k</span> |
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| **Fricatives** | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">f v</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">s z</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">ɕ ʑ</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">ʀ</span> |
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| **Approximants** | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">w</span> | | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">j</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">ʟ</span> |
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| | Front | Back |
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| ------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| **Close** | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">i y</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">u</span> |
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| **Close-Mid** | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">e ø</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">o</span> |
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| **Open-Mid** | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">ɛ</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">ɔ</span> |
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| **Open** | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">a</span> | |
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Vowels can also all be long, nasalised, or both.
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There are also the following allophony rules:
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- Plosives are realised as voiced next to voiced fricatives and approximants.
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- Plosives are realised as non-sibilant fricatives at the end of words
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- For the dorsal plosive and approximant:
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- They are realised as palata before <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/i y e j/</span> or their long and/or nasalised variants
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- They are realised as uvular before /u o w/ or their long and/or nasalised variants
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- They are realised as palatal after /i e j/ or their long and/or nasalised variants
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- Otherwise they are realised as velar
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- The dorsal approximant <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/ʟ/</span> is realised as <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[ẅ]</span> in coda position
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- The dorsal approximant <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/ʀ/</span> is realised as <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[ɐ̯]</span> in coda position
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- The dorsal fricative <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/ʀ/</span> is realised as <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[ʁ]</span> after consonants
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- <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/n/</span> nasalises a preceding vowel
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- <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/n/</span> is silent in coda positions (still nasalising tho)
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- <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/n/</span> assimilates to <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[ɲ]</span> after a palatal consonant as well as before <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/i e j/</span>, and to <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[ŋ]</span> after a velar consonant
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## Coalescence
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Mosici doesn't allow consecutive vowels inside of words. To resolve would-be hiatuses, a coalescence process is used.
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This process is historic for all native words, but it still current to resolve diphthongs in loan words and is necessary to understand to read the written language, as the spelling was fixed before that sound change occurred.
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The process goes thusly (before applying the allophony):
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1. Group all consecutive vowels by pairs, starting at near the start of the word; ^coal-proc-1
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2. Combine all pairs of vowels according to the table below (the first vowel indexes the row, and the second vowel indexes the column);
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3. If any vowel is long, the resulting vowel is long;
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4. Repeat from [[#^coal-proc-1|1]] until all hiatus has been resolved.
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| | a | ɛ | ɔ | e | ø | o | i | y | u |
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| :---: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: |
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| **a** | ɔ | a | ɔ | ɛ | ɛ | ɔ | e | ø | o |
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| **ɛ** | ɛ | i | ø | i | e | ø | i | ø | ø |
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| **ɔ** | ɔ | ø | ɔ | ø | ø | o | ø | ø | o |
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| **e** | ɛ | i | ø | i | e | ø | i | ø | ø |
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| **ø** | ø | e | ø | e | y | ø | y | y | y |
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| **o** | ɔ | ø | o | ø | ø | u | ø | ø | u |
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| **i** | ja | jɛ | jɔ | je | jø | jo | ji | jy | ju |
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| **y** | ø | ø | ø | ø | y | ø | i | y | y |
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| **u** | wa | wɛ | wɔ | we | wø | wo | wi | y | u |
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## The Nahan Script
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Mosici is written in the nahan alphabet (also named the Polia(h)r alphabet), which has the follwoing letters, digraphs and diacritics. The diacritic on the vowels is called the <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">sitrapaóha</span> <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[ɕdʁapɔː]</span> (plural <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">sitrapaóhaa</span> <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[ɕdʁapoː]</span>)
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| Letter | Transliteration | Value (IPA) | Name | Name (IPA) |
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| :---------------------------------------------------------: | :-------------: | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------: |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">p</span> | p | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/p/</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">paí</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[pe]</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">o</span> | o | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/o/</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ós</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[us]</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">l</span> | l | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/ʟ/</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">lán</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[ʟɔ̃]</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">i</span> | i | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/e/</span>, <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/j/</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">írne</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[iɐ̯nɛ]</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">a</span> | a | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/a/</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ánp</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[ɔ̃ɸ]</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">h</span> | h | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/∅/</span>[^1] | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">hapfe</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[apfɛ]</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">r</span> | r | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/ʀ/</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">fastesiec hapfe</span> [^2]<br> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[fasteɕɛx apfɛ]</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">c</span> | c | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/k/</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">cal</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[kaẅ]</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">n</span> | n | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/n/</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">naol</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[nɔẅ]</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">e</span> | e | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/e/</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">éstal</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[istaẅ]</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">s</span> | s | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/s/</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">sipal</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[ɕpaẅ]</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">z</span> | z | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/z/</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">fastesiec sipal</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[fasteɕɛx ɕpaẅ]</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">f</span> | f | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/f/</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">fasoh</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[fasoː]</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">v</span> | v | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/v/</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">fastesiec fasoh</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[fasteɕex fasoː]</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">m</span> | m | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/m/</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">milá</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[miʎɔ]</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">t</span> | t | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/t/</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">tecio</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[tɛɟjo]</span> |
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[^1]: Lengthens a preceeding vowel
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[^2]: Literally “sounded <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">h</span>”
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| Spelling | Transliteration | Value (IPA) |
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| :----------------------------------------------------------: | :-------------: | :--------------------------------------------------------------: |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ó</span> | ó | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/u/</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">í</span> | í | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/i/</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">á</span> | á | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/ɔ/</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">é</span> | é | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/i/</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">si</span> | si | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/ɕ/</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">zi</span> | zi | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/ʑ/</span> |
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The Nahan script also uses a number of punctuation marks:
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| Symbols | Transcriptions | Notes |
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| :-----------------------------------------------------------: | :---------------------: | :--------------------------------------------- |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">,</span> | , | Comma, indicates a short pause in the sentence |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">.</span> | . | Period, indicates the end of a sentence |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">( )</span> | “ ” or \[ \] | Used as quotes, as well as around numerals[^3] |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">\-</span> | · or ’ | Middle dot, used to separate clitics |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">:</span> | : or . depending on use | Introduces lists, or indicates an abbreviation |
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[^3]: in shortend or informal writings as well as for dates, a middle dot either side of the numeral is used instead
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## Examples
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- <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">tráiheíns</span> tráiheíns “fox”
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<span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">〈tʀɔiːɛins〉</span>
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- \*<span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/tʀ<span style="color:red">øːi</span>ns/</span> (Coalescence 1)
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- <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/tʀ<span style="color:red">yː</span>ns/</span> (Coalescence 2)
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- <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[d<span style="color:red">ʁ</span>ỹːs]</span> (Allophony rules)
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- <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">moséceec</span> moséceec “of the isles”
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<span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">〈mosicɛɛk〉</span>
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- <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/mosik<span style="color:red">i</span>k/</span> (Coalescence)
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- <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[mosi<span style="color:red">c</span>i<span style="color:red">ç</span>]</span> (Allophony rules)
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- <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">an-nielvc</span> an·nielvc "of Nyelaf"
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<span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">〈annjɛʟvk〉</span>
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- <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/<span style="color:red">an</span>jɛʟvk/</span> (Particle shenanigans)
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- <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[<span style="color:red">ã</span>njɛ<span style="color:red">ẅ</span>v<span style="color:red">ɣ</span>]</span> (Allophony rules)
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# Morphology
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## Nouns
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### Number
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Number is marked by a change of the last vowel of the root according to the patter in the following table. in practice the pronunciation of the plural isn't derivable from the pronunciation of the singular.
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| Singluar | Plurau |
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| ----------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">o</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">oo</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ó</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">óo</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">i</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ii</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">í</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">íi</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">a</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">aa</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">á</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">áa</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">e</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ee</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">é</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ée</span> |
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### Simple cases
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For the main roles, there are 7 patterns: the concatenative pattern and the 6 substitutive patterns: <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">s</span>, <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">z</span>, <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ts</span>, <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">tz</span>, <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">cs</span>, and <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">cz</span>.
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| | Concat | Subst <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">s</span> | Subst <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">z</span> | Subst <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ts</span> | Subst <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">tz</span> | Subst <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">cs</span> | Subst <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">cz</span> |
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| ------------ | -------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------ |
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| **Topic** | ∅ | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">s</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">z</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ts</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">tz</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">cs</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">cz</span> |
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| **Oblique** | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">t</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">t</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">t</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">t</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">t</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">t</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">t</span> |
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| **Genitive** | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">c</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">c</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">c</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">c</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">c</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">c</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">c</span> |
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| **Dative** | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">si</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">si</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">zi</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">tsi</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">tzi</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">csi</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">czi</span> |
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| **Ablative** | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">via</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">via</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">via</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">tvia</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">tvia</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">cvia</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">cvia</span> |
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#### Topic
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The topic case (`TOP`) indicates the topic of the sentence. it is the agent of active clauses and the patient of passive clauses.
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> <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em"><span style="color:red">loarne</span> aint ilálapih</span>.
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> <span style="color:red">loarne</span> aint ilálapih.
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> <span style="color:red">Loarne.`TOP`</span> `DEM`.`OBL` say.`PAST`.`3SA
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> *<span style="color:red">Loarne</span> said that*
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### Compound cases
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