256 lines
40 KiB
Markdown
256 lines
40 KiB
Markdown
#language
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# Sounds ⁊ Letters
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## Phonology and phonotactics
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Mosici has the following phonemes:
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| | Labials | Coronals | Palatals | Dorsals |
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| ---------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| **Nasals** | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">m</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">n</span> | | |
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| **Stops** | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">p</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">t</span> | | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">k</span> |
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| **Fricatives** | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">f v</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">s z</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">ɕ ʑ</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">ʀ</span> |
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| **Approximants** | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">w</span> | | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">j</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">ʟ</span> |
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| | Front | Back |
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| ------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| **Close** | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">i y</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">u</span> |
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| **Close-Mid** | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">e ø</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">o</span> |
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| **Open-Mid** | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">ɛ</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">ɔ</span> |
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| **Open** | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">a</span> | |
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Vowels can also all be long, nasalised, or both.
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There are also the following allophony rules:
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- Plosives are realised as voiced next to voiced fricatives and approximants.
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- Plosives are realised as non-sibilant fricatives at the end of words
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- For the dorsal plosive and approximant:
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- They are realised as palata before <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/i y e j/</span> or their long and/or nasalised variants
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- They are realised as uvular before /u o w/ or their long and/or nasalised variants
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- They are realised as palatal after /i e j/ or their long and/or nasalised variants
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- Otherwise they are realised as velar
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- The dorsal approximant <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/ʟ/</span> is realised as <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[ẅ]</span> in coda position
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- The dorsal approximant <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/ʀ/</span> is realised as <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[ɐ̯]</span> in coda position
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- The dorsal fricative <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/ʀ/</span> is realised as <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[ʁ]</span> after consonants
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- <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/n/</span> nasalises a preceding vowel
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- <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/n/</span> is silent in coda positions (still nasalising tho)
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- <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/n/</span> assimilates to <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[ɲ]</span> after a palatal consonant as well as before <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/i e j/</span>, and to <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[ŋ]</span> after a velar consonant
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## Coalescence
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Mosici doesn't allow consecutive vowels inside of words. To resolve would-be hiatuses, a coalescence process is used.
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This process is historic for all native words, but it still current to resolve diphthongs in loan words and is necessary to understand to read the written language, as the spelling was fixed before that sound change occurred.
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The process goes thusly (before applying the allophony):
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1. Group all consecutive vowels by pairs, starting at near the start of the word; ^coal-proc-1
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2. Combine all pairs of vowels according to the table below (the first vowel indexes the row, and the second vowel indexes the column);
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3. If any vowel is long, the resulting vowel is long;
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4. Repeat from [[#^coal-proc-1|1]] until all hiatus has been resolved.
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| | a | ɛ | ɔ | e | ø | o | i | y | u |
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| :---: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: |
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| **a** | ɔ | a | ɔ | ɛ | ɛ | ɔ | e | ø | o |
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| **ɛ** | ɛ | i | ø | i | e | ø | i | ø | ø |
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| **ɔ** | ɔ | ø | ɔ | ø | ø | o | ø | ø | o |
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| **e** | ɛ | i | ø | i | e | ø | i | ø | ø |
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| **ø** | ø | e | ø | e | y | ø | y | y | y |
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| **o** | ɔ | ø | o | ø | ø | u | ø | ø | u |
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| **i** | ja | jɛ | jɔ | je | jø | jo | ji | jy | ju |
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| **y** | ø | ø | ø | ø | y | ø | i | y | y |
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| **u** | wa | wɛ | wɔ | we | wø | wo | wi | y | u |
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## The Nahan Script
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Mosici is written in the nahan alphabet (also named the Polia(h)r alphabet), which has the follwoing letters, digraphs and diacritics. The diacritic on the vowels is called the <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">sitrapaóha</span> <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[ɕdʁapɔː]</span> (plural <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">sitrapaóhaa</span> <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[ɕdʁapoː]</span>)
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| Letter | Transliteration | Value (IPA) | Name | Name (IPA) |
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| :---------------------------------------------------------: | :-------------: | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------: |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">p</span> | p | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/p/</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">paí</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[pe]</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">o</span> | o | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/o/</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ós</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[us]</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">l</span> | l | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/ʟ/</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">lán</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[ʟɔ̃]</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">i</span> | i | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/e/</span>, <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/j/</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">írne</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[iɐ̯nɛ]</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">a</span> | a | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/a/</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ánp</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[ɔ̃ɸ]</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">h</span> | h | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/∅/</span>[^1] | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">hapfe</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[apfɛ]</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">r</span> | r | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/ʀ/</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">fastesiec hapfe</span> [^2]<br> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[fasteɕɛx apfɛ]</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">c</span> | c | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/k/</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">cal</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[kaẅ]</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">n</span> | n | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/n/</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">naol</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[nɔẅ]</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">e</span> | e | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/e/</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">éstal</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[istaẅ]</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">s</span> | s | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/s/</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">sipal</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[ɕpaẅ]</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">z</span> | z | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/z/</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">fastesiec sipal</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[fasteɕɛx ɕpaẅ]</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">f</span> | f | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/f/</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">fasoh</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[fasoː]</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">v</span> | v | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/v/</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">fastesiec fasoh</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[fasteɕex fasoː]</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">m</span> | m | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/m/</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">milá</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[miʎɔ]</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">t</span> | t | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/t/</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">tecio</span> | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[tɛɟjo]</span> |
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[^1]: Lengthens a preceeding vowel
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[^2]: Literally “sounded <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">h</span>”
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| Spelling | Transliteration | Value (IPA) |
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| :----------------------------------------------------------: | :-------------: | :--------------------------------------------------------------: |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ó</span> | ó | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/u/</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">í</span> | í | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/i/</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">á</span> | á | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/ɔ/</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">é</span> | é | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/i/</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">si</span> | si | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/ɕ/</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">zi</span> | zi | <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/ʑ/</span> |
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The Nahan script also uses a number of punctuation marks:
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| Symbols | Transcriptions | Notes |
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| :-----------------------------------------------------------: | :---------------------: | :--------------------------------------------- |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">,</span> | , | Comma, indicates a short pause in the sentence |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">.</span> | . | Period, indicates the end of a sentence |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">( )</span> | “ ” or \[ \] | Used as quotes, as well as around numerals[^3] |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">\-</span> | · or ’ | Middle dot, used to separate clitics |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">:</span> | : or . depending on use | Introduces lists, or indicates an abbreviation |
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[^3]: in shortend or informal writings as well as for dates, a middle dot either side of the numeral is used instead
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## Examples
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- <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">tráiheíns</span> tráiheíns “fox”
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<span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">〈tʀɔiːɛins〉</span>
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- \*<span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/tʀ<span style="color:red">øːi</span>ns/</span> (Coalescence 1)
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- <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/tʀ<span style="color:red">yː</span>ns/</span> (Coalescence 2)
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- <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[d<span style="color:red">ʁ</span>ỹːs]</span> (Allophony rules)
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- <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">moséceec</span> moséceec “of the isles”
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<span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">〈mosicɛɛk〉</span>
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- <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/mosik<span style="color:red">i</span>k/</span> (Coalescence)
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- <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[mosi<span style="color:red">c</span>i<span style="color:red">ç</span>]</span> (Allophony rules)
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- <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">an-nielvc</span> an·nielvc "of Nyelaf"
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<span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">〈annjɛʟvk〉</span>
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- <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/<span style="color:red">an</span>jɛʟvk/</span> (Particle shenanigans)
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- <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[<span style="color:red">ã</span>njɛ<span style="color:red">ẅ</span>v<span style="color:red">ɣ</span>]</span> (Allophony rules)
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# Morphology
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## Nouns
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### Number
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Number is marked by a change of the last vowel of the root according to the patter in the following table. in practice the pronunciation of the plural isn't derivable from the pronunciation of the singular.
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| Singluar | Plurau |
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| ----------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">o</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">oo</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ó</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">óo</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">i</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ii</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">í</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">íi</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">a</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">aa</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">á</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">áa</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">e</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ee</span> |
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| <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">é</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ée</span> |
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### Simple cases
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For the main roles, there are 7 patterns: the concatenative pattern and the 6 substitutive patterns: <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">s</span>, <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">z</span>, <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ts</span>, <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">tz</span>, <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">cs</span>, and <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">cz</span>.
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| | Concat | Subst <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">s</span> | Subst <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">z</span> | Subst <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ts</span> | Subst <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">tz</span> | Subst <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">cs</span> | Subst <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">cz</span> |
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| ------------ | -------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------ |
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| **Topic** | ∅ | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">s</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">z</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ts</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">tz</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">cs</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">cz</span> |
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| **Oblique** | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">t</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">t</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">t</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">t</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">t</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">t</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">t</span> |
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| **Genitive** | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">c</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">c</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">c</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">c</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">c</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">c</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">c</span> |
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| **Dative** | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">si</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">si</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">zi</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">tsi</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">tzi</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">csi</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">czi</span> |
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| **Ablative** | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">via</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">via</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">via</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">tvia</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">tvia</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">cvia</span> | -<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">cvia</span> |
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#### Topic
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The topic case (`TOP`) indicates the topic of the clause. it is the agent of active clauses and the patient of passive clauses.
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> <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em"><span style="color:red">loarne</span> aint ilálapih</span>.
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> <span style="color:red">loarne</span> aint ilálapih.
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> <span style="color:red">Loarne.TOP</span> DEM.OBL say.PAST.3SA
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> *<span style="color:red">Loarne</span> said that*
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#### Oblique
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The oblique case (`OBL`) indicates the less salient arguments of the clause that aren't indicated by another case. It indicates the patient of active clauses and the agent of passive clauses.
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> <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em"><span style="color:red">nríht</span> vionreeh</span>
|
||
> <span style="color:red">nríht</span> vionreeh
|
||
> <span style="color:red">seed.PL.OBL</span> eat.PRES.3SA
|
||
> *They<sub>SG</sub> eat <span style="color:red">seeds</span>.*
|
||
#### Genitive
|
||
The genitive case (`GEN`) indicates a possessive or qualifier.
|
||
> <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em"><span style="color:red">ilc</span> ren</span>
|
||
> <span style="color:red">ilc</span> ren
|
||
> <span style="color:red">1S.GEN</span> house.TOP
|
||
> <span style="color:red">My</span> house
|
||
|
||
> <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em"><span style="color:red">áhioc</span> isove</span>
|
||
> <span style="color:red">áhioc</span> isove
|
||
> <span style="color:red">fiction.GEN</span> job
|
||
> <span style="color:red">Fictional</span> job
|
||
|
||
#### Dative
|
||
The dative case (`DAT`) indicates the beneficiary of a ditransitive verbs, as well as the qualification direction faced. It however doesn't indicates the destination of verbs of movement towards. For those, use the [[#oblique]] case, the dative indicates the means of movement instead.
|
||
> <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em"><span style="color:red">elsi</span> rent siehíef.</span>
|
||
> <span style="color:red">elsi</span> rent siehíef.
|
||
> <span style="color:red">2S.DAT</span> house.OBL give.PRES.1S
|
||
> I give <span style="color:red">you</span> a house.
|
||
|
||
> <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">an-sialmosécet <span style="color:red">foítztselasi</span> oisailin.</span>
|
||
> an·sialmosécet <span style="color:red">foítztselasi</span> oisailin.
|
||
> PPN=Chalmosique.OBL <span style="color:red">train.DAT</span> go.PAST.2S
|
||
> You went to Chalmosique <span style="color:red">by train</span>.
|
||
#### Ablative
|
||
The ablative case (`ABL`) indicates the source of ditransitive verbs, as well as indicating the tool of the action.
|
||
It however doesn't indicate the source of verbs of movements away from. For those, use the [[#oblique]] case, the ablative indicates the means of movement instead.
|
||
> <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em"><span style="color:red">hoévenvia</span> cirtív</span>
|
||
> <span style="color:red">hoévenvia</span> cirtív
|
||
> <span style="color:red">pen.ABL</span> write.PAST.1PE
|
||
> We<sub>EXCL</sub> wrote <span style="color:red">with a pen</span>
|
||
|
||
> <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ie <span style="color:red">an-cairniasialvia</span></span>
|
||
> ie <span style="color:red">an·cairniasialvia</span>
|
||
> 3SA.TOP <span style="color:red">PPN=Cairniasial.ABL</span>
|
||
> They<sub>SG</sub> are <span style="color:red">from Cairniasial</span>
|
||
|
||
> <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">sialt <span style="color:red">fatóirvia</span> hastereón</span>
|
||
> sialt <span style="color:red">fatóirvia</span> hastereón
|
||
> city.OBL <span style="color:red">boat.ABL</span> exit.FUT.2P
|
||
> You'll leave the city <span style="color:red">by boat</span>.
|
||
### Compound cases
|
||
Compound cases are extra cased constructed on top of the base 5 cases
|
||
#### Spatial Locatives
|
||
The spatial locative cases (`LOCSP`) is used to indicate a spacial location. it is marked by expressing the noun in the genitive case, followed by the <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">(la)</span> particle.
|
||
> <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">il <span style="color:red">an-Vansterilc la</span>.</span>
|
||
> il <span style="color:red">an·Vansterilc‿la</span>.
|
||
> 1S.TOP <span style="color:red">PPN=Vansteril.GEN‿LOCSP</span>.
|
||
> I’m <span style="color:red">in Vansteril</span>.
|
||
#### Temporal Locatives
|
||
There are four temporal locatives: past, present, future and gnomic (`LOCTMP.PAST`, ...`PRES`, ...`FUT` and ...`GNO`). The past case (resp. present and future) is used, as it's name indicates, to locate events that happened in the past (resp. present and future). The gnomic case locates events that are either generally happeneing, happening at an unknown point in time, or happening repeatedly.
|
||
The past case (resp. present, future, gnomic) are indicated by expressing the noun in the oblique followed by the particle <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">(anip)</span> (resp <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">(anep)</span>, <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">(anop)</span>, <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">(anap)</span>)
|
||
However the present case is rarely used outside of set phrases like <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">(vint anep)</span> “today” or <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">(mpat anep)</span> “now”
|
||
> <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em"><span style="color:red">vint anep</span> mareves</span>
|
||
> <span style="color:red">vint‿anep</span> mareves
|
||
> <span style="color:red">day.OBL‿LOCTMP.PRES</span> be_cold.PRES.3SI
|
||
> It’s cold <span style="color:red">today</span>.
|
||
|
||
> <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">il <span style="color:red">vionreipt anip</span> cirtin</span>
|
||
> il <span style="color:red">vionreipt‿anip</span> cirtin
|
||
> 1S.TOP <span style="color:red">eat.PAST.PCP.OBL‿LOCTMP.PAST</span> write.PAST.2S
|
||
> <span style="color:red">When</span> I <span style="color:red">ate</span>, I wrote.
|
||
|
||
> <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">il <span style="color:red">vionreopt anop</span> cirton</span>
|
||
> il <span style="color:red">vionreopt‿anop</span> cirton
|
||
> 1S.TOP <span style="color:red">eat.FUT.PCP.OBL‿LOCTMP.FUT</span> write.FUT.2S
|
||
> <span style="color:red">When</span> I<span style="color:red">’ll eat</span>, I’ll write.
|
||
|
||
> <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">il <span style="color:red">vionreapt anap</span> cirtan</span>
|
||
> il <span style="color:red">vionreapt‿anap</span> cirtan
|
||
> 1S.TOP <span style="color:red">eat.GNO.PCP.OBL‿LOCTMP.GNO</span> write.GNO.2S
|
||
> <span style="color:red">Whenever</span> I <span style="color:red">eat</span>, I write.
|
||
|
||
### Proper noun clitic
|
||
Proper nouns that aren't personal names always take the proper noun clitic <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">(an)</span> (`PPN`)
|
||
### Pronouns
|
||
|
||
| | 1S | 2S | 3SI | 3SA | 1PE | 1PI | 2P | 3PI | 3PA | Q | DEM | DEM.PL |
|
||
| ------- | --------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
||
| **TOP** | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">il</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">el</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ain</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ie</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">íl</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">iél</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">él</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">aín</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ié</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">aóts</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">mpa</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">mpá</span> |
|
||
| **OBL** | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ilt</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">elt</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">aint</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">iet</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ílt</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">iélt</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">élt</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">aínt</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">iét</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">aót</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">mpat</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">mpát</span> |
|
||
| **GEN** | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ilc</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">elc</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ainc</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">iec</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ílc</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">iélc</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">élc</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">aínc</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">iéc</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">aóc</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">mpac</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">mpác</span> |
|
||
| **DAT** | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ílsi</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">elsi</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ainsi</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">iesi</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ílsi</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">iélsi</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">élsi</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">aínsi</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">iési</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">aótsi</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">mpasi</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">mpási</span> |
|
||
| **ABL** | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ilvia</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">elvia</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ainvia</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ievia</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ílvia</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">iélvia</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">élvia</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">aínvia</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">iévia</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">aótvia</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">mpavia</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">mpávia</span> |
|
||
|
||
## Verbs
|
||
Verbs are conjugated according to their tense and the grammatical person of the agent.
|
||
Orthographically the pattern is completely regular, however the vowel coalescence (see [[#Coalescence]]) causes the pronunciation to be quite chaotic. The plural forms of past and present tense are always identical when spoken but distinguished in writing.
|
||
|
||
| | 1S | 2S | 3SI | 3SA | 1PE | 1PI | 2P | 3PI | 3PA | INF | PCP.SG | PCP.PL |
|
||
| -------- | ------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
||
| **PAST** | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-if</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-in</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-is</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-ih</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-ív</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-ím</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-ín</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-íz</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-ír</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-i</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-ip</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-íp</span> |
|
||
| **PRES** | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-ef</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-en</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-es</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-eh</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-év</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-ém</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-én</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-éz</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-ér</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-e</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-ep</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-ép</span> |
|
||
| **FUT** | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-of</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-on</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-os</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-oh</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-óv</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-óm</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-ón</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-óz</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-ór</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-o</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-op</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-óp</span> |
|
||
| **GNO** | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-af</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-an</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-as</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-ah</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-áv</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-ám</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-án</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-áz</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-ár</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-a</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-ap</span> | <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-áp</span> |
|
||
|
||
All other facets of verb morphology are indicated by a great number of prefixes here are the more useful (look for the `#mos/verbmod` tag in the dictionary for a more complete list)
|
||
- <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">na-</span> passive voice
|
||
- <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">siehi-</span> volontary causation
|
||
- <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">sien-</span> involontary causation
|
||
- <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">caó-</span> augmentative
|
||
- <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">rel-</span> diminutive
|
||
- <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">rie-</span> conditional
|
||
# Syntax
|
||
# Numbers
|