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Annwan 63ce1149ac 2025-11-08T22:53+01:00
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localStorage.getItem("sidebar-left-width"));</script></div></div><div id="center-content" class="leaf"><div class="obsidian-document markdown-preview-view markdown-rendered node-insert-event is-readable-line-width allow-fold-headings allow-fold-lists show-indentation-guide show-properties" data-type="markdown"><style id="MJX-CHTML-styles"></style><div class="markdown-preview-sizer markdown-preview-section"><div class="header"><h1 class="page-title heading inline-title" id="Mosici_0">Mosici</h1><div class="data-bar"></div></div><div class="markdown-preview-pusher" style="width: 1px; height: 0.1px; margin-bottom: 0px;"></div><div class="el-p"><p dir="auto"><a href="?query=tag:language" class="tag is-unresolved" target="_self" rel="noopener nofollow" data-href="#language">#language</a> </p></div><div class="el-h1"><h1 data-heading="Sounds ⁊ Letters" dir="auto" class="heading" id="Sounds_⁊_Letters_0"><span class="heading-collapse-indicator collapse-indicator collapse-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="svg-icon right-triangle"><path d="M3 8L12 17L21 8"></path></svg></span>Sounds ⁊ Letters</h1></div><div class="el-h2"><h2 data-heading="Phonology and phonotactics" dir="auto" class="heading" id="Phonology_and_phonotactics_0"><span class="heading-collapse-indicator collapse-indicator collapse-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="svg-icon right-triangle"><path d="M3 8L12 17L21 8"></path></svg></span>Phonology and phonotactics</h2></div><div class="el-p"><p dir="auto">Mosici has the following phonemes:</p></div><div class="el-table" dir="auto" style="overflow-x: auto;"><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th dir="auto"></th>
<th dir="ltr">Labials</th>
<th dir="ltr">Coronals</th>
<th dir="ltr">Palatals</th>
<th dir="ltr">Dorsals</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td dir="ltr"><strong>Nasals</strong></td>
<td dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">m</span></td>
<td dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">n</span></td>
<td dir="auto"></td>
<td dir="auto"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td dir="ltr"><strong>Stops</strong></td>
<td dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">p</span></td>
<td dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">t</span></td>
<td dir="auto"></td>
<td dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">k</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td dir="ltr"><strong>Fricatives</strong></td>
<td dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">f v</span></td>
<td dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">s z</span></td>
<td dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">ɕ ʑ</span></td>
<td dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">ʀ</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td dir="ltr"><strong>Approximants</strong></td>
<td dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">w</span></td>
<td dir="auto"></td>
<td dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">j</span></td>
<td dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">ʟ</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div><div class="el-table" dir="auto" style="overflow-x: auto;"><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th dir="auto"></th>
<th dir="ltr">Front</th>
<th dir="ltr">Back</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td dir="ltr"><strong>Close</strong></td>
<td dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">i y</span></td>
<td dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">u</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td dir="ltr"><strong>Close-Mid</strong></td>
<td dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">e ø</span></td>
<td dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">o</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td dir="ltr"><strong>Open-Mid</strong></td>
<td dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">ɛ</span></td>
<td dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">ɔ</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td dir="ltr"><strong>Open</strong></td>
<td dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">a</span></td>
<td dir="auto"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div><div class="el-p"><p dir="auto">Vowels can also all be long, nasalised, or both.<br>
There are also the following allophony rules:</p></div><div class="el-ul"><ul class="has-list-bullet">
<li data-line="0" dir="auto"><span class="list-bullet"></span>Plosives are realised as voiced next to voiced fricatives and approximants.</li>
<li data-line="1" dir="auto"><span class="list-bullet"></span>Plosives are realised as non-sibilant fricatives at the end of words</li>
<li data-line="2" dir="auto"><span class="list-bullet"></span><span class="list-collapse-indicator collapse-indicator collapse-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="svg-icon right-triangle"><path d="M3 8L12 17L21 8"></path></svg></span>For the dorsal plosive and approximant:
<ul class="has-list-bullet">
<li data-line="3" dir="auto"><span class="list-bullet"></span>They are realised as palata before <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/i y e j/</span> or their long and/or nasalised variants</li>
<li data-line="4" dir="auto"><span class="list-bullet"></span>They are realised as uvular before /u o w/ or their long and/or nasalised variants</li>
<li data-line="5" dir="auto"><span class="list-bullet"></span>They are realised as palatal after /i e j/ or their long and/or nasalised variants</li>
<li data-line="6" dir="auto"><span class="list-bullet"></span>Otherwise they are realised as velar</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li data-line="7" dir="auto"><span class="list-bullet"></span>The dorsal approximant <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/ʟ/</span> is realised as <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[ẅ]</span> in coda position</li>
<li data-line="8" dir="auto"><span class="list-bullet"></span>The dorsal approximant <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/ʀ/</span> is realised as <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[ɐ̯]</span> in coda position</li>
<li data-line="9" dir="auto"><span class="list-bullet"></span>The dorsal fricative <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/ʀ/</span> is realised as <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[ʁ]</span> after consonants</li>
<li data-line="10" dir="auto"><span class="list-bullet"></span><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/n/</span> nasalises a preceding vowel</li>
<li data-line="11" dir="auto"><span class="list-bullet"></span><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/n/</span> is silent in coda positions (still nasalising tho)</li>
<li data-line="12" dir="auto"><span class="list-bullet"></span><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/n/</span> assimilates to <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[ɲ]</span> after a palatal consonant as well as before <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/i e j/</span>, and to <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[ŋ]</span> after a velar consonant</li>
</ul></div><div class="el-h2"><h2 data-heading="Coalescence" dir="auto" class="heading" id="Coalescence_0"><span class="heading-collapse-indicator collapse-indicator collapse-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="svg-icon right-triangle"><path d="M3 8L12 17L21 8"></path></svg></span>Coalescence</h2></div><div class="el-p"><p dir="auto">Mosici doesn't allow consecutive vowels inside of words. To resolve would-be hiatuses, a coalescence process is used.<br>
This process is historic for all native words, but it still current to resolve diphthongs in loan words and is necessary to understand to read the written language, as the spelling was fixed before that sound change occurred.</p></div><div class="el-p"><p dir="auto">The process goes thusly (before applying the allophony):</p></div><div class="el-ol"><ol>
<li data-line="0" dir="auto">Group all consecutive vowels by pairs, starting at near the start of the word; </li>
<li data-line="1" dir="auto">Combine all pairs of vowels according to the table below (the first vowel indexes the row, and the second vowel indexes the column);</li>
<li data-line="2" dir="auto">If any vowel is long, the resulting vowel is long;</li>
<li data-line="3" dir="auto">Repeat from <a data-tooltip-position="top" aria-label="^coal-proc-1" data-href="#^coal-proc-1" href="#^coal-proc-1" class="internal-link" target="_self" rel="noopener nofollow">1</a> until all hiatus has been resolved.</li>
</ol></div><div class="el-table" dir="auto" style="overflow-x: auto;"><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="center" dir="auto"></th>
<th align="center" dir="ltr">a</th>
<th align="center" dir="ltr">ɛ</th>
<th align="center" dir="ltr">ɔ</th>
<th align="center" dir="ltr">e</th>
<th align="center" dir="ltr">ø</th>
<th align="center" dir="ltr">o</th>
<th align="center" dir="ltr">i</th>
<th align="center" dir="ltr">y</th>
<th align="center" dir="ltr">u</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><strong>a</strong></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ɔ</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">a</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ɔ</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ɛ</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ɛ</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ɔ</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">e</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ø</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">o</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><strong>ɛ</strong></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ɛ</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">i</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ø</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">i</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">e</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ø</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">i</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ø</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ø</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><strong>ɔ</strong></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ɔ</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ø</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ɔ</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ø</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ø</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">o</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ø</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ø</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">o</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><strong>e</strong></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ɛ</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">i</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ø</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">i</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">e</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ø</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">i</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ø</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ø</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><strong>ø</strong></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ø</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">e</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ø</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">e</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">y</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ø</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">y</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">y</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">y</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><strong>o</strong></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ɔ</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ø</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">o</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ø</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ø</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">u</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ø</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ø</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">u</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><strong>i</strong></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ja</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">jɛ</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">jɔ</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">je</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">jø</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">jo</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ji</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">jy</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ju</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><strong>y</strong></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ø</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ø</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ø</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ø</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">y</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ø</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">i</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">y</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">y</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><strong>u</strong></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">wa</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">wɛ</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">wɔ</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">we</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">wø</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">wo</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">wi</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">y</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">u</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div><div class="el-h2"><h2 data-heading="The Nahan Script" dir="auto" class="heading" id="The_Nahan_Script_0"><span class="heading-collapse-indicator collapse-indicator collapse-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="svg-icon right-triangle"><path d="M3 8L12 17L21 8"></path></svg></span>The Nahan Script</h2></div><div class="el-p"><p dir="auto">Mosici is written in the nahan alphabet (also named the Polia(h)r alphabet), which has the follwoing letters, digraphs and diacritics. The diacritic on the vowels is called the <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">sitrapaóha</span> <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[ɕdʁapɔː]</span> (plural <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">sitrapaóhaa</span> <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[ɕdʁapoː]</span>)</p></div><div class="el-table" dir="ltr" style="overflow-x: auto;"><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="center" dir="ltr">Letter</th>
<th align="center" dir="ltr">Transliteration</th>
<th align="center" dir="ltr">Value (IPA)</th>
<th align="center" dir="ltr">Name</th>
<th align="center" dir="ltr">Name (IPA)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">p</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">p</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/p/</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">paí</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[pe]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">o</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">o</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/o/</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ós</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[us]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">l</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">l</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/ʟ/</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">lán</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[ʟɔ̃]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">i</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">i</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/e/</span>, <span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/j/</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">írne</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[iɐ̯nɛ]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">a</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">a</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/a/</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ánp</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[ɔ̃ɸ]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">h</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">h</td>
<td align="center" dir="auto"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/∅/</span><sup data-footnote-id="fnref-1-e57c7e18c2d38b29" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref-1-e57c7e18c2d38b29"><a data-footref="1" href="#fn-1-e57c7e18c2d38b29" class="footnote-link" target="_self" rel="noopener nofollow">[1]</a></sup></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">hapfe</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[apfɛ]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">r</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">r</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/ʀ/</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">fastesiec hapfe</span> <sup data-footnote-id="fnref-2-e57c7e18c2d38b29" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref-2-e57c7e18c2d38b29"><a data-footref="2" href="#fn-2-e57c7e18c2d38b29" class="footnote-link" target="_self" rel="noopener nofollow">[2]</a></sup><br></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[fasteɕɛx apfɛ]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">c</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">c</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/k/</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">cal</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[kaẅ]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">n</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">n</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/n/</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">naol</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[nɔẅ]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">e</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">e</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/e/</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">éstal</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[istaẅ]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">s</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">s</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/s/</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">sipal</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[ɕpaẅ]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">z</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">z</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/z/</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">fastesiec sipal</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[fasteɕɛx ɕpaẅ]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">f</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">f</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/f/</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">fasoh</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[fasoː]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">v</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">v</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/v/</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">fastesiec fasoh</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[fasteɕex fasoː]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">m</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">m</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/m/</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">milá</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[miʎɔ]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">t</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">t</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/t/</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">tecio</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[tɛɟjo]</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div><div></div><div></div><div class="el-table" dir="ltr" style="overflow-x: auto;"><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="center" dir="ltr">Spelling</th>
<th align="center" dir="ltr">Transliteration</th>
<th align="center" dir="ltr">Value (IPA)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ó</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">ó</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/u/</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">í</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">í</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/i/</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">á</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">á</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/ɔ/</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">é</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">é</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/i/</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">si</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">si</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/ɕ/</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">zi</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">zi</td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/ʑ/</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div><div class="el-p"><p dir="auto">The Nahan script also uses a number of punctuation marks:</p></div><div class="el-table" dir="ltr" style="overflow-x: auto;"><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="center" dir="ltr">Symbols</th>
<th align="center" dir="ltr">Transcriptions</th>
<th align="left" dir="ltr">Notes</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="center" dir="auto"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">,</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="auto">,</td>
<td align="left" dir="ltr">Comma, indicates a short pause in the sentence</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" dir="auto"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">.</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="auto">.</td>
<td align="left" dir="ltr">Period, indicates the end of a sentence</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" dir="auto"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">( )</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">“ ” or [ ]</td>
<td align="left" dir="ltr">Used as quotes, as well as around numerals<sup data-footnote-id="fnref-3-e57c7e18c2d38b29" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref-3-e57c7e18c2d38b29"><a data-footref="3" href="#fn-3-e57c7e18c2d38b29" class="footnote-link" target="_self" rel="noopener nofollow">[3]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" dir="auto"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">-</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">· or ’</td>
<td align="left" dir="ltr">Middle dot, used to separate clitics</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" dir="auto"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">:</span></td>
<td align="center" dir="ltr">: or . depending on use</td>
<td align="left" dir="ltr">Introduces lists, or indicates an abbreviation</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div><div></div><div class="el-h2"><h2 data-heading="Examples" dir="auto" class="heading" id="Examples_0"><span class="heading-collapse-indicator collapse-indicator collapse-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="svg-icon right-triangle"><path d="M3 8L12 17L21 8"></path></svg></span>Examples</h2></div><div class="el-ul"><ul class="has-list-bullet">
<li data-line="0" dir="auto"><span class="list-bullet"></span><span class="list-collapse-indicator collapse-indicator collapse-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="svg-icon right-triangle"><path d="M3 8L12 17L21 8"></path></svg></span><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">tráiheíns</span> tráiheíns “fox”<br>
<span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">〈tʀɔiːɛins〉</span>
<ul class="has-list-bullet">
<li data-line="2" dir="auto"><span class="list-bullet"></span>*<span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/tʀ<span style="color:red">øːi</span>ns/</span> (Coalescence 1)</li>
<li data-line="3" dir="auto"><span class="list-bullet"></span><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/tʀ<span style="color:red">yː</span>ns/</span> (Coalescence 2)</li>
<li data-line="4" dir="auto"><span class="list-bullet"></span><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[d<span style="color:red">ʁ</span>ỹːs]</span> (Allophony rules)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li data-line="5" dir="auto"><span class="list-bullet"></span><span class="list-collapse-indicator collapse-indicator collapse-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="svg-icon right-triangle"><path d="M3 8L12 17L21 8"></path></svg></span><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">moséceec</span> moséceec “of the isles”<br>
<span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">〈mosicɛɛk〉</span>
<ul class="has-list-bullet">
<li data-line="7" dir="auto"><span class="list-bullet"></span><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/mosik<span style="color:red">i</span>k/</span> (Coalescence)</li>
<li data-line="8" dir="auto"><span class="list-bullet"></span><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[mosi<span style="color:red">c</span>i<span style="color:red">ç</span>]</span> (Allophony rules)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li data-line="9" dir="auto"><span class="list-bullet"></span><span class="list-collapse-indicator collapse-indicator collapse-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="svg-icon right-triangle"><path d="M3 8L12 17L21 8"></path></svg></span><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">an-nielvc</span> an·nielvc "of Nyelaf"<br>
<span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">〈annjɛʟvk〉</span>
<ul class="has-list-bullet">
<li data-line="11" dir="auto"><span class="list-bullet"></span><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">/<span style="color:red">an</span>jɛʟvk/</span> (Particle shenanigans)</li>
<li data-line="12" dir="auto"><span class="list-bullet"></span><span style="font-family: Junicode; font-size: 1.1em">[<span style="color:red">ã</span>njɛ<span style="color:red">ẅ</span>v<span style="color:red">ɣ</span>]</span> (Allophony rules)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul></div><div class="el-h1"><h1 data-heading="Morphology" dir="auto" class="heading" id="Morphology_0"><span class="heading-collapse-indicator collapse-indicator collapse-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="svg-icon right-triangle"><path d="M3 8L12 17L21 8"></path></svg></span>Morphology</h1></div><div class="el-h2"><h2 data-heading="Nouns" dir="auto" class="heading" id="Nouns_0"><span class="heading-collapse-indicator collapse-indicator collapse-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="svg-icon right-triangle"><path d="M3 8L12 17L21 8"></path></svg></span>Nouns</h2></div><div class="el-h3"><h3 data-heading="Number" dir="auto" class="heading" id="Number_0"><span class="heading-collapse-indicator collapse-indicator collapse-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="svg-icon right-triangle"><path d="M3 8L12 17L21 8"></path></svg></span>Number</h3></div><div class="el-p"><p dir="auto">Number is marked by a change of the last vowel of the root according to the patter in the following table. in practice the pronunciation of the plural isn't derivable from the pronunciation of the singular.</p></div><div class="el-table" dir="ltr" style="overflow-x: auto;"><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th dir="ltr">Singluar</th>
<th dir="ltr">Plurau</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">o</span></td>
<td dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">oo</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ó</span></td>
<td dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">óo</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">i</span></td>
<td dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ii</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">í</span></td>
<td dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">íi</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">a</span></td>
<td dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">aa</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">á</span></td>
<td dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">áa</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">e</span></td>
<td dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ee</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">é</span></td>
<td dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ée</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div><div class="el-h3"><h3 data-heading="Simple cases" dir="auto" class="heading" id="Simple_cases_0"><span class="heading-collapse-indicator collapse-indicator collapse-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="svg-icon right-triangle"><path d="M3 8L12 17L21 8"></path></svg></span>Simple cases</h3></div><div class="el-p"><p dir="auto">For the main roles, there are 7 patterns: the concatenative pattern and the 6 substitutive patterns: <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">s</span>, <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">z</span>, <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ts</span>, <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">tz</span>, <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">cs</span>, and <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">cz</span>.</p></div><div class="el-table" dir="auto" style="overflow-x: auto;"><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th dir="auto"></th>
<th dir="ltr">Concat</th>
<th dir="ltr">Subst <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">s</span></th>
<th dir="ltr">Subst <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">z</span></th>
<th dir="ltr">Subst <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ts</span></th>
<th dir="ltr">Subst <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">tz</span></th>
<th dir="ltr">Subst <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">cs</span></th>
<th dir="ltr">Subst <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">cz</span></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td dir="ltr"><strong>Topic</strong></td>
<td dir="auto">∅</td>
<td dir="ltr">-<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">s</span></td>
<td dir="ltr">-<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">z</span></td>
<td dir="ltr">-<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ts</span></td>
<td dir="ltr">-<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">tz</span></td>
<td dir="ltr">-<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">cs</span></td>
<td dir="ltr">-<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">cz</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td dir="ltr"><strong>Oblique</strong></td>
<td dir="ltr">-<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">t</span></td>
<td dir="ltr">-<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">t</span></td>
<td dir="ltr">-<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">t</span></td>
<td dir="ltr">-<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">t</span></td>
<td dir="ltr">-<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">t</span></td>
<td dir="ltr">-<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">t</span></td>
<td dir="ltr">-<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">t</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td dir="ltr"><strong>Genitive</strong></td>
<td dir="ltr">-<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">c</span></td>
<td dir="ltr">-<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">c</span></td>
<td dir="ltr">-<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">c</span></td>
<td dir="ltr">-<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">c</span></td>
<td dir="ltr">-<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">c</span></td>
<td dir="ltr">-<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">c</span></td>
<td dir="ltr">-<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">c</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td dir="ltr"><strong>Dative</strong></td>
<td dir="ltr">-<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">si</span></td>
<td dir="ltr">-<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">si</span></td>
<td dir="ltr">-<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">zi</span></td>
<td dir="ltr">-<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">tsi</span></td>
<td dir="ltr">-<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">tzi</span></td>
<td dir="ltr">-<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">csi</span></td>
<td dir="ltr">-<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">czi</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td dir="ltr"><strong>Ablative</strong></td>
<td dir="ltr">-<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">via</span></td>
<td dir="ltr">-<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">via</span></td>
<td dir="ltr">-<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">via</span></td>
<td dir="ltr">-<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">tvia</span></td>
<td dir="ltr">-<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">tvia</span></td>
<td dir="ltr">-<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">cvia</span></td>
<td dir="ltr">-<span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">cvia</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div><div class="el-h4"><h4 data-heading="Topic" dir="auto" class="heading" id="Topic_0"><span class="heading-collapse-indicator collapse-indicator collapse-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="svg-icon right-triangle"><path d="M3 8L12 17L21 8"></path></svg></span>Topic</h4></div><div class="el-p"><p dir="auto">The topic case (<code>TOP</code>) indicates the topic of the clause. it is the agent of active clauses and the patient of passive clauses.</p></div><div class="el-blockquote"><blockquote dir="auto">
<p><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em"><span style="color:red">loarne</span> aint ilálapih</span>.<br>
<span style="color:red">loarne</span> aint ilálapih.<br>
<span style="color:red">Loarne.TOP</span> DEM.OBL say.PAST.3SA<br>
<em><span style="color:red">Loarne</span> said that</em></p>
</blockquote></div><div class="el-h4"><h4 data-heading="Oblique" dir="auto" class="heading" id="Oblique_0"><span class="heading-collapse-indicator collapse-indicator collapse-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="svg-icon right-triangle"><path d="M3 8L12 17L21 8"></path></svg></span>Oblique</h4></div><div class="el-p"><p dir="auto">The oblique case (<code>OBL</code>) indicates the less salient arguments of the clause that aren't indicated by another case. It indicates the patient of active clauses and the agent of passive clauses.</p></div><div class="el-blockquote"><blockquote dir="auto">
<p><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em"><span style="color:red">nríht</span> vionreeh</span><br>
<span style="color:red">nríht</span> vionreeh<br>
<span style="color:red">seed.PL.OBL</span> eat.PRES.3SA<br>
<em>They<sub>SG</sub> eat <span style="color:red">seeds</span>.</em></p>
</blockquote></div><div class="el-h4"><h4 data-heading="Genitive" dir="auto" class="heading" id="Genitive_0"><span class="heading-collapse-indicator collapse-indicator collapse-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="svg-icon right-triangle"><path d="M3 8L12 17L21 8"></path></svg></span>Genitive</h4></div><div class="el-p"><p dir="auto">The genitive case (<code>GEN</code>) indicates a possessive or qualifier.</p></div><div class="el-blockquote"><blockquote dir="auto">
<p><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em"><span style="color:red">ilc</span> ren</span><br>
<span style="color:red">ilc</span> ren<br>
<span style="color:red">1S.GEN</span> house.TOP<br>
<span style="color:red">My</span> house</p>
</blockquote></div><div class="el-blockquote"><blockquote dir="auto">
<p><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em"><span style="color:red">áhioc</span> isove</span><br>
<span style="color:red">áhioc</span> isove<br>
<span style="color:red">fiction.GEN</span> job<br>
<span style="color:red">Fictional</span> job</p>
</blockquote></div><div class="el-h4"><h4 data-heading="Dative" dir="auto" class="heading" id="Dative_0"><span class="heading-collapse-indicator collapse-indicator collapse-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="svg-icon right-triangle"><path d="M3 8L12 17L21 8"></path></svg></span>Dative</h4></div><div class="el-p"><p dir="auto">The dative case (<code>DAT</code>) indicates the beneficiary of a ditransitive verbs, as well as the qualification direction faced. It however doesn't indicates the destination of verbs of movement towards. For those, use the <a data-href="#oblique" href="#oblique" class="internal-link" target="_self" rel="noopener nofollow">oblique</a> case, the dative indicates the means of movement instead.</p></div><div class="el-blockquote"><blockquote dir="auto">
<p><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em"><span style="color:red">elsi</span> rent siehíef.</span><br>
<span style="color:red">elsi</span> rent siehíef.<br>
<span style="color:red">2S.DAT</span> house.OBL give.PRES.1S<br>
I give <span style="color:red">you</span> a house.</p>
</blockquote></div><div class="el-blockquote"><blockquote dir="auto">
<p><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">an-sialmosécet <span style="color:red">foítztselasi</span> oisailin.</span><br>
an·sialmosécet <span style="color:red">foítztselasi</span> oisailin.<br>
PPN=Chalmosique.OBL <span style="color:red">train.DAT</span> go.PAST.2S<br>
You went to Chalmosique <span style="color:red">by train</span>.</p>
</blockquote></div><div class="el-h4"><h4 data-heading="Ablative" dir="auto" class="heading" id="Ablative_0"><span class="heading-collapse-indicator collapse-indicator collapse-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="svg-icon right-triangle"><path d="M3 8L12 17L21 8"></path></svg></span>Ablative</h4></div><div class="el-p"><p dir="auto">The ablative case (<code>ABL</code>) indicates the source of ditransitive verbs, as well as indicating the tool of the action.<br>
It however doesn't indicate the source of verbs of movements away from. For those, use the <a data-href="#oblique" href="#oblique" class="internal-link" target="_self" rel="noopener nofollow">oblique</a> case, the ablative indicates the means of movement instead.</p></div><div class="el-blockquote"><blockquote dir="auto">
<p><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em"><span style="color:red">hoévenvia</span> cirtív</span><br>
<span style="color:red">hoévenvia</span> cirtív<br>
<span style="color:red">pen.ABL</span> write.PAST.1PE<br>
We<sub>EXCL</sub> wrote <span style="color:red">with a pen</span></p>
</blockquote></div><div class="el-blockquote"><blockquote dir="auto">
<p><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">ie <span style="color:red">an-cairniasialvia</span></span><br>
ie <span style="color:red">an·cairniasialvia</span><br>
3SA.TOP <span style="color:red">PPN=Cairniasial.ABL</span><br>
They<sub>SG</sub> are <span style="color:red">from Cairniasial</span></p>
</blockquote></div><div class="el-blockquote"><blockquote dir="auto">
<p><span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">sialt <span style="color:red">fatóirvia</span> hastereón</span><br>
sialt <span style="color:red">fatóirvia</span> hastereón<br>
city.OBL <span style="color:red">boat.ABL</span> exit.FUT.2P<br>
You'll leave the city <span style="color:red">by boat</span>.</p>
</blockquote></div><div class="el-h3"><h3 data-heading="Compound cases" dir="auto" class="heading" id="Compound_cases_0"><span class="heading-collapse-indicator collapse-indicator collapse-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="svg-icon right-triangle"><path d="M3 8L12 17L21 8"></path></svg></span>Compound cases</h3></div><div>
</div><div class="el-section"><section class="footnotes"><hr><ol>
<li data-line="-117" data-footnote-id="fn-1-e57c7e18c2d38b29" id="fn-1-e57c7e18c2d38b29" dir="auto"><p>Lengthens a preceeding vowel<a href="#fnref-1-e57c7e18c2d38b29" class="footnote-backref footnote-link" target="_self" rel="noopener nofollow">↩︎</a></p></li>
<li data-line="-116" data-footnote-id="fn-2-e57c7e18c2d38b29" id="fn-2-e57c7e18c2d38b29" dir="auto"><p>Literally “sounded <span style="font-family: Nahan; font-size: 1.5em">h</span>”<a href="#fnref-2-e57c7e18c2d38b29" class="footnote-backref footnote-link" target="_self" rel="noopener nofollow">↩︎</a></p></li>
<li data-line="-97" data-footnote-id="fn-3-e57c7e18c2d38b29" id="fn-3-e57c7e18c2d38b29" dir="auto"><p>in shortend or informal writings as well as for dates, a middle dot either side of the numeral is used instead<a href="#fnref-3-e57c7e18c2d38b29" class="footnote-backref footnote-link" target="_self" rel="noopener nofollow">↩︎</a></p></li>
</ol></section></div><div class="footer"><div class="data-bar"></div></div></div></div></div><div id="right-content" class="leaf" style="--sidebar-width: var(--sidebar-width-right);"><div id="right-sidebar" class="sidebar"><div class="sidebar-handle"></div><div class="sidebar-topbar"><div class="topbar-content"><label class="theme-toggle-container" for="theme-toggle-input" id=""><input class="theme-toggle-input" type="checkbox" id="theme-toggle-input"><div class="toggle-background"></div></label></div><div class="clickable-icon sidebar-collapse-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="100%" height="100%" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="svg-icon"><path d="M21 3H3C1.89543 3 1 3.89543 1 5V19C1 20.1046 1.89543 21 3 21H21C22.1046 21 23 20.1046 23 19V5C23 3.89543 22.1046 3 21 3Z"></path><path d="M10 4V20"></path><path d="M4 7H7"></path><path d="M4 10H7"></path><path d="M4 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xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="svg-icon right-triangle"><path d="M3 8L12 17L21 8"></path></svg></div><div class="tree-item-inner heading-link" heading-name="Sounds ⁊ Letters">Sounds ⁊ Letters</div></a><div class="tree-item-children"><div class="tree-item" data-depth="2"><a class="tree-item-self is-clickable" href="#Phonology_and_phonotactics_0" data-path="#Phonology_and_phonotactics_0"><div class="tree-item-inner heading-link" heading-name="Phonology and phonotactics">Phonology and phonotactics</div></a><div class="tree-item-children"></div></div><div class="tree-item" data-depth="2"><a class="tree-item-self is-clickable" href="#Coalescence_0" data-path="#Coalescence_0"><div class="tree-item-inner heading-link" heading-name="Coalescence">Coalescence</div></a><div class="tree-item-children"></div></div><div class="tree-item" data-depth="2"><a class="tree-item-self is-clickable" href="#The_Nahan_Script_0" data-path="#The_Nahan_Script_0"><div class="tree-item-inner heading-link" heading-name="The Nahan Script">The Nahan Script</div></a><div class="tree-item-children"></div></div><div class="tree-item" data-depth="2"><a class="tree-item-self is-clickable" href="#Examples_0" data-path="#Examples_0"><div class="tree-item-inner heading-link" heading-name="Examples">Examples</div></a><div class="tree-item-children"></div></div></div></div><div class="tree-item mod-collapsible" data-depth="1"><a class="tree-item-self is-clickable mod-collapsible" href="#Morphology_0" data-path="#Morphology_0"><div class="tree-item-icon collapse-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="svg-icon right-triangle"><path d="M3 8L12 17L21 8"></path></svg></div><div class="tree-item-inner heading-link" heading-name="Morphology">Morphology</div></a><div class="tree-item-children"><div class="tree-item mod-collapsible" data-depth="2"><a class="tree-item-self is-clickable mod-collapsible" href="#Nouns_0" data-path="#Nouns_0"><div class="tree-item-icon collapse-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="svg-icon right-triangle"><path d="M3 8L12 17L21 8"></path></svg></div><div class="tree-item-inner heading-link" heading-name="Nouns">Nouns</div></a><div class="tree-item-children"><div class="tree-item" data-depth="3"><a class="tree-item-self is-clickable" href="#Number_0" data-path="#Number_0"><div class="tree-item-inner heading-link" heading-name="Number">Number</div></a><div class="tree-item-children"></div></div><div class="tree-item mod-collapsible" data-depth="3"><a class="tree-item-self is-clickable mod-collapsible" href="#Simple_cases_0" data-path="#Simple_cases_0"><div class="tree-item-icon collapse-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="svg-icon right-triangle"><path d="M3 8L12 17L21 8"></path></svg></div><div class="tree-item-inner heading-link" heading-name="Simple cases">Simple cases</div></a><div class="tree-item-children"><div class="tree-item" data-depth="4"><a class="tree-item-self is-clickable" href="#Topic_0" data-path="#Topic_0"><div class="tree-item-inner heading-link" heading-name="Topic">Topic</div></a><div class="tree-item-children"></div></div><div class="tree-item" data-depth="4"><a class="tree-item-self is-clickable" href="#Oblique_0" data-path="#Oblique_0"><div class="tree-item-inner heading-link" heading-name="Oblique">Oblique</div></a><div class="tree-item-children"></div></div><div class="tree-item" data-depth="4"><a class="tree-item-self is-clickable" href="#Genitive_0" data-path="#Genitive_0"><div class="tree-item-inner heading-link" heading-name="Genitive">Genitive</div></a><div class="tree-item-children"></div></div><div class="tree-item" data-depth="4"><a class="tree-item-self is-clickable" href="#Dative_0" data-path="#Dative_0"><div class="tree-item-inner heading-link" heading-name="Dative">Dative</div></a><div class="tree-item-children"></div></div><div class="tree-item" data-depth="4"><a class="tree-item-self is-clickable" href="#Ablative_0" data-path="#Ablative_0"><div class="tree-item-inner heading-link" heading-name="Ablative">Ablative</div></a><div class="tree-item-children"></div></div></div></div><div class="tree-item" data-depth="3"><a class="tree-item-self is-clickable" href="#Compound_cases_0" data-path="#Compound_cases_0"><div class="tree-item-inner heading-link" heading-name="Compound cases">Compound cases</div></a><div 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