From 74bd59b32c8f4922370a484b602aa30f2ae1a76a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Annwan Date: Wed, 4 Feb 2026 13:00:45 +0100 Subject: [PATCH] mosici grammar update --- src/worlds/Asteron/Mosici.typ | 701 ++++++++++++++++++---------------- templates/utils/lang-mos.typ | 24 +- 2 files changed, 388 insertions(+), 337 deletions(-) diff --git a/src/worlds/Asteron/Mosici.typ b/src/worlds/Asteron/Mosici.typ index e133f39..e27a9a5 100644 --- a/src/worlds/Asteron/Mosici.typ +++ b/src/worlds/Asteron/Mosici.typ @@ -7,14 +7,15 @@ #set heading(numbering: "I.A.1.a.") #let low = html.span.with(class: "low") #let gloss-opts = ( - txt-style: sn, - translation-style: low, + txt-style: sn, + translation-style: low, ) #let g = gloss.with(..gloss-opts) #let ex = example.with(..gloss-opts) #let bl = "[" #let br = "]" #let ann = it => sub(sc(it)) +#let abb = it => low(sc(it)) This page describes Cairniasial standard Mosici, with brief mentions about other close varieties such as Sialmoséce standard Mosici @@ -23,20 +24,20 @@ close varieties such as Sialmoséce standard Mosici == Phonology Mosici has the following phonemes #table( - columns: 5, - [], [*Labial*], [*Coronal*], [*Palatal*], [*Dorsal*], - [*Nasal*], [m], [n], [], [], - [*Stop*], [p], [t], [], [k], - [*Fricative*], [f v], [s z], [ɕ ʑ], [ʀ], - [*Approximants*], [w], [], [j], [ʟ], + columns: 5, + [], [*Labial*], [*Coronal*], [*Palatal*], [*Dorsal*], + [*Nasal*], [m], [n], [], [], + [*Stop*], [p], [t], [], [k], + [*Fricative*], [f v], [s z], [ɕ ʑ], [ʀ], + [*Approximants*], [w], [], [j], [ʟ], ) #table( - columns: 3, - [], [*Front*], [*Back*], - [*Close*], [i y], [u], - [*Close-Mid*], [e ø], [o], - [*Open-Mid*], [ɛ], [ɔ], - [*Open*], table.cell(colspan: 2)[a], + columns: 3, + [], [*Front*], [*Back*], + [*Close*], [i y], [u], + [*Close-Mid*], [e ø], [o], + [*Open-Mid*], [ɛ], [ɔ], + [*Open*], table.cell(colspan: 2)[a], ) All vowels can also all be long, @@ -46,24 +47,24 @@ There is also the following allophony rules: - The dorsal approximant is realised as a [ẅ] off-glide in coda positions. - The dorsal fricative is realised as a [ɐ̯] off-glide in coda positions. - The dorsal fricative is realised as a true fricative [ʁ] in consonant - clusters. + clusters. - /n/ nasalises a preceding vowel. - /n/ itself is not pronounced in coda positions.#footnote[still applies - nasalisation] + nasalisation] - Nasalised close vowels are realised as mid-centralised: /ĩ ĩː ỹ ỹː ũ ũː/ [ɪ̃ ɪ̃ː - ʏ̃ ʏ̃ː ʊ̃ ʊ̃ː] + ʏ̃ ʏ̃ː ʊ̃ ʊ̃ː] - The dorsal plosive ⁊ approximant are realised as palatal before /i y e j/ - #footnote[or their or their long and/or nasalised - variants] , + #footnote[or their or their long and/or nasalised + variants] , - The dorsal plosive ⁊ approximant are realised as uvular before /u o - w/@fn-dorsal-assimilation + w/@fn-dorsal-assimilation - The dorsal plosive ⁊ approximant are realised as palatal after /e i - j/@fn-dorsal-assimilation or in the coda of a syllable with /e - i/@fn-dorsal-assimilation as the nucleus. + j/@fn-dorsal-assimilation or in the coda of a syllable with /e + i/@fn-dorsal-assimilation as the nucleus. - The dorsal plosive ⁊ approximant are realised as velar otherwise - Plosives are realised as voiced next to other phonemically voiced consonants. - Plosives are realised as non-sibilant fricatives of the same place of - articulation word finally. + articulation word finally. == Coalescence @@ -76,25 +77,25 @@ that sound change occurred. The process goes thusly (before applying the allophony): 1. Group all consecutive vowels by pairs, starting at - near the start of the word + near the start of the word 2. Combine all pairs of vowels according to the table below (the first vowel - indexes the row, and the second vowel indexes the column) + indexes the row, and the second vowel indexes the column) 3. If any vowel is long, the resulting vowel is long; 4. Repeat from #context link( - query().first().location(), - )[step 1] until all hiatus has been resolved. + query().first().location(), + )[step 1] until all hiatus has been resolved. #table( - columns: 10, - [ ], [*a*], [*ɛ*], [*ɔ*], [*e*], [*ø*], [*o*], [*i*], [*y*], [*u*], - [*a*], [ɔ], [a], [ɔ], [ɛ], [ɛ], [ɔ], [e], [ø], [o], - [*ɛ*], [ɛ], [i], [ø], [i], [e], [ø], [i], [ø], [ø], - [*ɔ*], [ɔ], [ø], [ɔ], [ø], [ø], [o], [ø], [ø], [o], - [*e*], [ɛ], [i], [ø], [i], [e], [ø], [i], [ø], [ø], - [*ø*], [ø], [e], [ø], [e], [y], [ø], [y], [y], [y], - [*o*], [ɔ], [ø], [o], [ø], [ø], [u], [ø], [ø], [u], - [*i*], [ja], [jɛ], [jɔ], [je], [jø], [jo], [i], [jy], [ju], - [*y*], [ø], [ø], [ø], [ø], [y], [ø], [i], [i], [y], - [*u*], [wa], [wɛ], [wɔ], [we], [wø], [wo], [wi], [y], [u], + columns: 10, + [ ], [*a*], [*ɛ*], [*ɔ*], [*e*], [*ø*], [*o*], [*i*], [*y*], [*u*], + [*a*], [ɔ], [a], [ɔ], [ɛ], [ɛ], [ɔ], [e], [ø], [o], + [*ɛ*], [ɛ], [i], [ø], [i], [e], [ø], [i], [ø], [ø], + [*ɔ*], [ɔ], [ø], [ɔ], [ø], [ø], [o], [ø], [ø], [o], + [*e*], [ɛ], [i], [ø], [i], [e], [ø], [i], [ø], [ø], + [*ø*], [ø], [e], [ø], [e], [y], [ø], [y], [y], [y], + [*o*], [ɔ], [ø], [o], [ø], [ø], [u], [ø], [ø], [u], + [*i*], [ja], [jɛ], [jɔ], [je], [jø], [jo], [i], [jy], [ju], + [*y*], [ø], [ø], [ø], [ø], [y], [ø], [i], [i], [y], + [*u*], [wa], [wɛ], [wɔ], [we], [wø], [wo], [wi], [y], [u], ) == The Nahan Script @@ -104,57 +105,57 @@ the following letters, digraphs and diacritic’d letters. The sole diacritic is called the #sn[] 〈sitrapaóha〉. #figure(caption: [Poliahr for Mosici], table( - columns: 5, - [*Letter*], [*Transliteration*], [*Value (IPA)*], [*Name*], [*Name (IPA)*], - sn[], [p], [/p/ /p/], sn[], [[pe]], - sn[], [o], [/o/ /o/], sn[], [[us]], - sn[], [l], [/ʟ/ /l/], sn[], [[ʟɔ̃]], - sn[], [i], [/e/ /i/], sn[], [[iɐ̯nɛ]], - sn[], [a], [/a/ /ɑ/], sn[], [[ɔ̃ɸ]], - sn[], - [h], - [/∅/#footnote[Lengthens a preceding vowel] /x/], - sn[], - [[apfɛ]], + columns: 5, + [*Letter*], [*Transliteration*], [*Value (IPA)*], [*Name*], [*Name (IPA)*], + sn[], [p], [/p/], sn[], [[pe]], + sn[], [o], [/o/], sn[], [[us]], + sn[], [l], [/ʟ/], sn[], [[ʟɔ̃]], + sn[], [i], [/e/], sn[], [[iɐ̯nɛ]], + sn[], [a], [/a/], sn[], [[ɔ̃ɸ]], + sn[], + [h], + [/∅/#footnote[Lengthens a preceding vowel] ], + sn[], + [[apfɛ]], - sn[], - [r], - [/ʀ/ [ɣ]], - sn[ #footnote[Literally "sounded hapfe"] ], - [[fasteɕɛx apfɛ]], + sn[], + [r], + [/ʀ/], + sn[ #footnote[Literally "sounded hapfe"] ], + [[fasteɕɛx apfɛ]], - sn[], [c], [/k/ /k/], sn[], [[kaẅ]], - sn[], [n], [/n/ /n/], sn[], [[nɔẅ]], - sn[], [e], [/ɛ/ /e/], sn[], [[istaẅ]], - sn[], [s], [/z/ /s/], sn[], [[ɕpaẅ]], - sn[], [f], [/v/ /f/], sn[], [[fasoː]], - sn[], [m], [/m/ /m/], sn[], [[miʎɔ]], - sn[], [t], [/t/ /t/], sn[], [[tɛɟjo]], + sn[], [c], [/k/], sn[], [[kaẅ]], + sn[], [n], [/n/], sn[], [[nɔẅ]], + sn[], [e], [/ɛ/], sn[], [[istaẅ]], + sn[], [s], [/z/], sn[], [[ɕpaẅ]], + sn[], [f], [/v/], sn[], [[fasoː]], + sn[], [m], [/m/], sn[], [[miʎɔ]], + sn[], [t], [/t/], sn[], [[tɛɟjo]], )) #figure(caption: [Digraphs], table( - columns: 3, - [*Letter(s)*], [*Transliteration*], [*Value IPA*], - sn[], [ó], [/u/], - sn[], [í], [/i/], - sn[], [á], [/ɔ/], - sn[], [é], [/i/], - sn[], [ssi], [/ɕ/], - sn[], [si], [/ʑ/], - sn[], [ff], [/f/], - sn[], [ss], [/s/], + columns: 3, + [*Letter(s)*], [*Transliteration*], [*Value IPA*], + sn[], [ó], [/u/], + sn[], [í], [/i/], + sn[], [á], [/ɔ/], + sn[], [é], [/i/], + sn[], [ssi], [/ɕ/], + sn[], [si], [/ʑ/], + sn[], [ff], [/f/], + sn[], [ss], [/s/], )) #figure(caption: [Punctuation], table( - columns: 3, - [*Punctuation*], [*Transliteration*], [*Use*], - sn[], [,], [Comma, short break], - sn[], [.], [Period, long break, sentence end], - sn[], [· or -], [word-internal separator, hyphen], - sn[], - [’ or : or .], - [Abbreviation mark, list initiator and hyphenation marker (on both sides of - the cut).\ Transliteration depends on use], + columns: 3, + [*Punctuation*], [*Transliteration*], [*Use*], + sn[], [,], [Comma, short break], + sn[], [.], [Period, long break, sentence end], + sn[], [· or -], [word-internal separator, hyphen], + sn[], + [’ or : or .], + [Abbreviation mark, list initiator and hyphenation marker (on both sides of + the cut).\ Transliteration depends on use], - sn[ ], [( )], [Quotes or parrenthesis], + sn[ ], [( )], [Quotes or parrenthesis], )) === Numbering with the Poliahr order @@ -172,24 +173,24 @@ new modified letters, inserted after their plain versions in the order. They aren't used in Poliahr order numbering either. #figure(caption: [New letters in Sialmoséce standard Mosici], table( - columns: 5, - [*Letter*], [*Transliteration*], [*Value (IPA)*], [*Name*], [*Name (IPA)*], - sn[], [z], [/z/], sn[ ], [[fasteɕɛx ɕpaẅ]], - sn[], [v], [/v/], sn[ ], [[fasteɕex fasoː]], + columns: 5, + [*Letter*], [*Transliteration*], [*Value (IPA)*], [*Name*], [*Name (IPA)*], + sn[], [z], [/z/], sn[ ], [[fasteɕɛx ɕpaẅ]], + sn[], [v], [/v/], sn[ ], [[fasteɕex fasoː]], )) the following sequences are thus respelled #figure( - caption: [Repellings in Sialmoséce standard Mosici], - table( - columns: 2, - [*Cairniasial Standard*], [*Sialmoséce Standard*], - sn[], sn[], - sn[], sn[], - sn[], sn[], - sn[], sn[], - sn[], sn[], - sn[], sn[] - ), + caption: [Repellings in Sialmoséce standard Mosici], + table( + columns: 2, + [*Cairniasial Standard*], [*Sialmoséce Standard*], + sn[], sn[], + sn[], sn[], + sn[], sn[], + sn[], sn[], + sn[], sn[], + sn[], sn[], + ), ) == Examples @@ -205,7 +206,7 @@ the following sequences are thus respelled - → /mosik#high[i]k/ #low[Coalescence] - → [mosi#high[c]i#high[ç]/ #low[Allophony] -#sn[] ⟨an·nielvc⟩ "of Nyelaf" +#sn[] ⟨an·nielfc⟩ "of Nyelaf" - \*/annjɛʟvk/ - → /a#high[n]jɛʟvk/ #low[Particle shenanigans] - → [#high[ã]njɛ#high[ẅ]v#high[ɣ]] #low[Allophony] @@ -220,16 +221,16 @@ pronunciation of the plural isn't directly derivable from the pronunciation of the singular. #table( - columns: 2, - [*Singular*], [*Plural*], - sn[], sn[], - sn[], sn[], - sn[], sn[], - sn[], sn[], - sn[], sn[], - sn[], sn[], - sn[], sn[], - sn[], sn[], + columns: 2, + [*Singular*], [*Plural*], + sn[], sn[], + sn[], sn[], + sn[], sn[], + sn[], sn[], + sn[], sn[], + sn[], sn[], + sn[], sn[], + sn[], sn[], ) === Cases @@ -243,284 +244,293 @@ the agent form: the concatenative pattern, and the 6 substitutive patterns (#sn[], #sn[], #sn[], #sn[], #sn[], #sn[]) #table( - columns: 8, - align: center, - [], - [*C*], - [*Sub* #sn[]], - [*Sub* #sn[]], - [*Sub* #sn[]], - [*Sub* #sn[]], - [*Sub* #sn[]], - [*Sub* #sn[]], - [*Agent*], [∅], sn[], sn[], sn[], sn[], sn[], sn[], - [*Patient*], table.cell(colspan: 7, sn[]), - [*Genitive*], table.cell(colspan: 7, sn[]), - [*Dative*], sn[], sn[], sn[], sn[], sn[], - sn[], sn[], - [*Ablative*], - table.cell(colspan: 3, sn[]), - table.cell(colspan: 2, sn[]), - table.cell(colspan: 2, sn[]), + columns: 8, + align: center, + [], + [*C*], + [*Sub* #sn[]], + [*Sub* #sn[]], + [*Sub* #sn[]], + [*Sub* #sn[]], + [*Sub* #sn[]], + [*Sub* #sn[]], + [*Agent*], [∅], sn[], sn[], sn[], sn[], sn[], sn[], + [*Patient*], table.cell(colspan: 7, sn[]), + [*Genitive*], table.cell(colspan: 7, sn[]), + [*Dative*], sn[], sn[], sn[], sn[], sn[], + sn[], sn[], + [*Ablative*], + table.cell(colspan: 3, sn[]), + table.cell(colspan: 2, sn[]), + table.cell(colspan: 2, sn[]), ) ==== Agent -The Agent case #low(sc[age]) indicates the agent of a transitive clause, or the +The Agent case #ann[age] indicates the agent of a transitive clause, or the subject of an active intransitive clause. #ex( - caption: [Agent case in an transitive clause], - txt: [#high[]  ], - translit: (high[loarne], [aint], [ilaalih.]), - phono: (bl + high[ʟɔɐ̯nɛ], [ɛ̃ð], [eʎɔʎeː] + br), - morphemes: (high[Loarne.#sc[age]], sc[dem.pat], [say.#sc[pst.3sa]]), - translation: [#high[Loarne] said that], - lbl: "ex-case-age-trans", + caption: [Agent case in an transitive clause], + txt: [#high[]  ], + translit: (high[loarne], [aint], [ilaalih.]), + phono: (bl + high[ʟɔɐ̯nɛ], [ɛ̃ð], [eʎɔʎeː] + br), + morphemes: (high[Loarne.#sc[age]], sc[dem.pat], [say.#sc[pst.3sa]]), + translation: [#high[Loarne] said that], + lbl: "ex-case-age-trans", ) #ex( - caption: [Agent case in an active intransitive clause], - txt: [#high[]  #high[] ], - translit: ([#high[loarne]], [i], high[masealn], [fionreor.]), - phono: (bl + high[ʟɔɐ̯nɛ], [e], high[mazɛ̃ẅ], [vjõʀøɐ̯] + br), - morphemes: ( - high[Loarne.#sc[age]], - [and], - high[Mazealn.#sc[age]], - [eat.#sc[fut.3pa]], - ), - translation: [#high[Loarne] and #high[Mazealn] will eat], - lbl: "ex-case-age-intrans", + caption: [Agent case in an active intransitive clause], + txt: [#high[]  #high[] ], + translit: ([#high[loarne]], [i], high[masealn], [fionreor.]), + phono: (bl + high[ʟɔɐ̯nɛ], [e], high[mazɛ̃ẅ], [vjõʀøɐ̯] + br), + morphemes: ( + high[Loarne.#sc[age]], + [and], + high[Mazealn.#sc[age]], + [eat.#sc[fut.3pa]], + ), + translation: [#high[Loarne] and #high[Mazealn] will eat], + lbl: "ex-case-age-intrans", ) ==== Patient -The Patient case #low(sc[pat]) indicates the patient of a transitive clause, or -the subject of a stative intransitive clause. +The Patient case #ann[pat] indicates the patient of a transitive clause, or the +subject of a stative intransitive clause. #ex( - caption: [Patient case in a transitive clause#footnote[Note that while the - pronoun is dropped thanks to the verb conjugation, but the clause is still - transitive]], - txt: [#high[] ], - translit: (high[nriiht], [fionreeff.]), - phono: (bl + high[nʁiːθ], [vjõʀiɸ] + br), - morphemes: (high[grain#sc[.pl.pat]], [eat#sc[.prs.1s]]), - translation: [I eat #high[grains]], - lbl: "ex-case-pat-trans", + caption: [Patient case in a transitive clause#footnote[Note that while the + pronoun is dropped thanks to the verb conjugation, but the clause is + still transitive]], + txt: [#high[] ], + translit: (high[nriiht], [fionreeff.]), + phono: (bl + high[nʁiːθ], [vjõʀiɸ] + br), + morphemes: (high[grain#sc[.pl.pat]], [eat#sc[.prs.1s]]), + translation: [I eat #high[grains]], + lbl: "ex-case-pat-trans", ) #ex( - caption: [Patient case in an intransitive clause], - txt: [#high[] ], - translit: (high[rent], [oítass.]), - phono: (bl + high[ʀɛ̃ð], [ytas] + br), - morphemes: (high[house#sc[.pat]], [be\_tall#sc[gno.3si]]), - translation: [#high[The house] is tall], - lbl: "ex-case-pat-intrans", + caption: [Patient case in an intransitive clause], + txt: [#high[] ], + translit: (high[rent], [oítass.]), + phono: (bl + high[ʀɛ̃ð], [ytas] + br), + morphemes: (high[house#sc[.pat]], [be\_tall#sc[gno.3si]]), + translation: [#high[The house] is tall], + lbl: "ex-case-pat-intrans", ) ==== Genitive -The genitive case #low(sc[gen]) indicates possession or qualification. Note that -in the case of qualification, the formation of a compound is also possible. -Note: Compounding is not subject to coalescence. +The genitive case #ann[gen] indicates possession or qualification. Note that in +the case of qualification, the formation of a compound is also possible. Note: +Compounding is not subject to coalescence. #ex( - caption: [Possessive genitive case], - txt: [#high[] ], - translit: (high[ilc], [ren]), - phono: (bl + high[eẅɣ], [ʀɛ̃] + br), - morphemes: (high(sc[1s.gen]), [house#sc[.age]]), - translation: [#high[my] house], - lbl: "ex-case-gen-poss", + caption: [Possessive genitive case], + txt: [#high[] ], + translit: (high[ilc], [ren]), + phono: (bl + high[eẅɣ], [ʀɛ̃] + br), + morphemes: (high(sc[1s.gen]), [house#sc[.age]]), + translation: [#high[my] house], + lbl: "ex-case-gen-poss", ) #ex( - caption: [Qualificative genitive case], - txt: [#high[] ], - translit: (high[áhioc], [isofe]), - phono: (bl + high[øːx], [esovɛ] + br), - morphemes: (high[fiction.#sc[gen]], [job#sc[.age]]), - translation: [a #high[fictional] job], - lbl: "ex-case-gen-qual", + caption: [Qualificative genitive case], + txt: [#high[] ], + translit: (high[áhioc], [issofe]), + phono: (bl + high[øːx], [esovɛ] + br), + morphemes: (high[fiction.#sc[gen]], [job#sc[.age]]), + translation: [a #high[fictional] job], + lbl: "ex-case-gen-qual", ) #ex( - caption: [Compounding], - txt: [], - translit: ([#sn[]\ áhio-], [#sn[]\ isofe]), - phono: (bl + [øː-], [esovɛ] + br), - morphemes: ([fiction-], [job#sc[.age]]), - translation: [a fictional job], - lbl: "ex-case-gen-compound", + caption: [Compounding], + txt: [], + translit: ([#sn[]\ áhio-], [#sn[]\ issofe]), + phono: (bl + [øː-], [esovɛ] + br), + morphemes: ([fiction-], [job#sc[.age]]), + translation: [a fictional job], + lbl: "ex-case-gen-compound", ) ==== Dative -The dative case #low(sc[dat]) indicates the beneficiary of a ditransitive verbs, -as well as indicating a direction faced. Note hover that it isn't used with -verbs of movement towards something, for those use the patient case (see +The dative case #ann[dat] indicates the beneficiary of a ditransitive verbs, as +well as indicating a direction faced. Note hover that it isn't used with verbs +of movement towards something, for those use the patient case (see @case-patient) instead, the dative instead indicates the means of displacement. #ex( - caption: [Dative in ditransitive clauses], - txt: [#high[]  ], - translit: (high[elssi], [rent], [ssiehíeff]), - phono: (bl + high[ɛẅɕ], [ʀɛ̃ð], [ɕjɛːf] + br), - morphemes: (high(sc[2s.dat]), [house#sc[.pat]], [give.#sc[pres.1s]]), - translation: [I give #high[you] a house], - lbl: "ex-case-dat-ditrans", + caption: [Dative in ditransitive clauses], + txt: [#high[]  ], + translit: (high[elssi], [rent], [ssiehíeff]), + phono: (bl + high[ɛẅɕ], [ʀɛ̃ð], [ɕjɛːf] + br), + morphemes: (high(sc[2s.dat]), [house#sc[.pat]], [give.#sc[pres.1s]]), + translation: [I give #high[you] a house], + lbl: "ex-case-dat-ditrans", ) #ex( - caption: [Dative as means of displacement for verbs of movement towards], - txt: [ #high[] ], - translit: ([an·ssialmossécet], high[ffoítstsselassi], [oissailin.]), - phono: (bl + [ãɕaẅmosicɛθ], high[fydztsɛʟaɕ], [øsɛʎẽ] + br), - morphemes: ( - [#sc[ppn-]Sialmoséce#sc[.dat]], - high[train.#sc[dat]], - [go#sc[.pst.2s]], - ), - translation: [You#ann[sg] went to Sialmoséce #high[by train]], - lbl: "ex-case-dat-mot", + caption: [Dative as means of displacement for verbs of movement towards], + txt: [ #high[] ], + translit: ([an·ssialmossécet], high[ffoítstsselassi], [oissailin.]), + phono: (bl + [ãɕaẅmosicɛθ], high[fydztsɛʟaɕ], [øsɛʎẽ] + br), + morphemes: ( + [#sc[ppn-]Sialmoséce#sc[.dat]], + high[train.#sc[dat]], + [go#sc[.pst.2s]], + ), + translation: [You#ann[sg] went to Sialmoséce #high[by train]], + lbl: "ex-case-dat-mot", ) #ex( - caption: [Dative as an allative substitute for other verbs], - txt: [#high[]   ], - translit: ( - high[an·cairniasialsi], - [an·sialmosécet], - [foítztselavia], - [vilinef.], - ), - phono: (bl + high[ãkɛɐ̯nɛɕaẅɕ], [ãɕaẅmosicɛθ], [fydztsɛʟavja], [veʎẽnɛf] + br), - morphemes: ( - high[#sc[ppn-]Cairniasial#sc[.dat]], - [#sc[ppn-]Sialmoséce#sc[.pat]], - [train.#sc[abl]], - [leave.#sc[prs.1s]], - ), - translation: [I leave Sialmoséce by train #high[to Cairniasial].], - lbl: "ex-case-dat-all", + caption: [Dative as an allative substitute for other verbs], + txt: [#high[]   ], + translit: ( + high[an·cairniassialssi], + [an·ssialmosécet], + [ffoítstsselafia], + [filineff.], + ), + phono: ( + bl + high[ãkɛɐ̯nɛɕaẅɕ], + [ãɕaẅmosicɛθ], + [fydztsɛʟavja], + [veʎẽnɛf] + br, + ), + morphemes: ( + high[#sc[ppn-]Cairniasial#sc[.dat]], + [#sc[ppn-]Sialmoséce#sc[.pat]], + [train.#sc[abl]], + [leave.#sc[prs.1s]], + ), + translation: [I leave Sialmoséce by train #high[to Cairniasial].], + lbl: "ex-case-dat-all", ) ==== Ablative -The ablative case #low(sc[abl]) indicates the provenance of the action. It is -also used as an instrumental, indicating the means by which the action is done. -For verbs of movement away from something, it only has it's instrumental -meaning, the source is indicated by the patient case (see @case-patient). For -verbs of movement towards something, the ablative doesn't have the instrumental -meaning, for that role use the dative instead. +The ablative case #ann[abl] indicates the provenance of the action. It is also +used as an instrumental, indicating the means by which the action is done. For +verbs of movement away from something, it only has it's instrumental meaning, +the source is indicated by the patient case (see @case-patient). For verbs of +movement towards something, the ablative doesn't have the instrumental meaning, +for that role use the dative instead. #ex( - caption: [Ablative case in an ablative meaning], - txt: [#high[]  ], - translit: (high[an·sialmosécevia], [nriiht], [vionreef.]), - phono: (bl + [ãɕaẅmosicɛvja], [nʁiːθ], [vjõʀiɸ] + br), - morphemes: ( - high[#sc[ppn]-Sialmoséce.#sc[abl]], - [grain#sc[.pl.pat]], - [eat#sc[.prs.1s]], - ), - translation: [I eat grains #high[from Sialmoséce]], - lbl: "ex-case-abl-abl", + caption: [Ablative case in an ablative meaning], + txt: [#high[]  ], + translit: (high[an·ssialmossécefia], [nriiht], [fionreeff.]), + phono: (bl + [ãɕaẅmosicɛvja], [nʁiːθ], [vjõʀiɸ] + br), + morphemes: ( + high[#sc[ppn]-Sialmoséce.#sc[abl]], + [grain#sc[.pl.pat]], + [eat#sc[.prs.1s]], + ), + translation: [I eat grains #high[from Sialmoséce]], + lbl: "ex-case-abl-abl", ) #ex( - caption: [Ablative case as instrumental], - txt: [#high[] ], - translit: (high[hoévenvia], [cirtív.]), - phono: (bl + high[yvɛ̃vja], [ceɐ̯div] + br), - morphemes: (high[pen#sc[.abl]], [write#sc[.past.1pe]]), - translation: [We#ann[excl] wrote #high[with a pen].], - lbl: "ex-case-abl-inst", + caption: [Ablative case as instrumental], + txt: [#high[] ], + translit: (high[hoéfenfia], [cirtíf.]), + phono: (bl + high[yvɛ̃vja], [ceɐ̯div] + br), + morphemes: (high[pen#sc[.abl]], [write#sc[.past.1pe]]), + translation: [We#ann[excl] wrote #high[with a pen].], + lbl: "ex-case-abl-inst", ) ==== Spatial Locative -The spatial locative cases #low(sc[sploc]) is used to indicate a spacial -location. it is marked by expressing the noun in the genitive case, followed by -the #sn[] ⟨la⟩ particle. +The spatial locative cases #ann[sploc] is used to indicate a spacial location. +it is marked by expressing the noun in the genitive case, followed by the +#sn[] ⟨la⟩ particle. It is however pronounced as there was no word boundary +between the word and the particle. #ex( - caption: [Spatial Locative], - txt: [ #high[ ]], - translit: ([il], high[an·vansterilc‿la] + [.]), - phono: (bl + [eẅ], [ãvãstɛʀeẅʝ ʟa] + br), - morphemes: (sc[1s.age], [#sc[ppn-]Vansterel#sc[.gen‿sploc]]), - translation: [We#ann[excl] wrote #high[with a pen].], - lbl: "ex-case-sploc", + caption: [Spatial Locative], + txt: [ #high[ ]], + translit: ([il], high[an·fanssterilc‿la] + [.]), + phono: (bl + [eẅ], [ãvãstɛʀeẅʝ ʟa] + br), + morphemes: (sc[1s.age], [#sc[ppn-]Vansteril#sc[.gen‿sploc]]), + translation: [I am #high[in Vansteril]], + lbl: "ex-case-sploc", ) ==== Temporal Locative -There are four temporal locatives: past, present, future and gnomic #low( - sc[tmploc.pst, tmploc.prs, tmploc.fut] + [ and ] + sc[tmploc.gno], -). The past case (resp. present and future) is used, as its name indicates, to -locate events that happened in the past (resp. present and future). The gnomic -case locates events that are either generally happening, happening at an unknown -point in time, or happening repeatedly. The past case (resp. present, future, -gnomic) are indicated by expressing the noun in the oblique followed by the -particle #sn[] ⟨anip⟩ (resp #sn[] ⟨anep⟩, #sn[] ⟨anop⟩ and -#sn[] ⟨anap⟩) However the present case is rarely used outside of set -phrases like #sn[ ] “today” or #sn[ ] “now” +There are four temporal locatives: past, present, future and gnomic +#low[#sc[tmploc.pst, tmploc.prs, tmploc.fut] and #sc[tmploc.gno]]. The past case +(resp. present and future) is used, as its name indicates, to locate events that +happened in the past (resp. present and future). The gnomic case locates events +that are either generally happening, happening at an unknown point in time, or +happening repeatedly. The past case (resp. present, future, gnomic) are +indicated by expressing the noun in the oblique followed by the particle +#sn[] ⟨anip⟩ (resp #sn[] ⟨anep⟩, #sn[] ⟨anop⟩ and #sn[] +⟨anap⟩) However the present case is rarely used outside of set phrases like +#sn[ ] “today” or #sn[ ] “now”. + +Note that those are pronounced as there was no word boundary between the word +and the particle. #ex( - caption: [Present temporal locative], - txt: [#high[ ] ], - translit: (high[vint‿anep], [mareves.]), - phono: (bl + high[vẽð ãneɸ], [maʀɛvɛs] + br), - morphemes: (high[day.#sc[pat‿tmploc.prs]], [be_cold.#sc[prs.3si]]), - translation: [It’s cold #high[today]], - lbl: "ex-case-tmploc-prs", + caption: [Present temporal locative], + txt: [#high[ ] ], + translit: (high[fint‿anep], [marefess.]), + phono: (bl + high[vẽð ãneɸ], [maʀɛvɛs] + br), + morphemes: (high[day.#sc[pat‿tmploc.prs]], [be_cold.#sc[prs.3si]]), + translation: [It’s cold #high[today]], + lbl: "ex-case-tmploc-prs", ) #ex( - caption: [Past temporal locative], - txt: [ #high[ ] ], - translit: ([il], high[vionreipt‿anip], [,], [cirtin.]), - phono: (bl + [eẅ], high[vjõʀipθ ãneɸ], [|], [ceɐ̯dẽ] + br), - morphemes: ( - sc[1s.act], - high[eat#sc[.pst.pcp.pat‿tmploc.pst]], - [|], - [write] + sc[.pst.2s], - ), - translation: [#high[When] I #high[ate], you#ann[sg] wrote], - lbl: "ex-case-tmploc-pst", + caption: [Past temporal locative], + txt: [ #high[ ] ], + translit: ([il], high[fionreipt‿anip], [,], [cirtin.]), + phono: (bl + [eẅ], high[vjõʀipθ ãneɸ], [|], [ceɐ̯dẽ] + br), + morphemes: ( + sc[1s.act], + high[eat#sc[.pst.pcp.pat‿tmploc.pst]], + [|], + [write] + sc[.pst.2s], + ), + translation: [#high[When] I #high[ate], you#ann[sg] wrote], + lbl: "ex-case-tmploc-pst", ) #ex( - caption: [Future temporal locative], - txt: [ #high[ ] ], - translit: ([il], high[vionreapt‿anop], [,], [cirton.]), - phono: (bl + [eẅ], high[vjõʀøpθ ãnoɸ], [|], [ceɐ̯dõ] + br), - morphemes: ( - sc[1s.act], - high[eat#sc[.fut.pcp.pat‿tmploc.fut]], - [|], - [write] + sc[.fut.2s], - ), - translation: [#high[When] I#high[’ll eat], you#ann[sg]’ll write], - lbl: "ex-case-tmploc-fut", + caption: [Future temporal locative], + txt: [ #high[ ] ], + translit: ([il], high[fionreapt‿anop], [,], [cirton.]), + phono: (bl + [eẅ], high[vjõʀøpθ ãnoɸ], [|], [ceɐ̯dõ] + br), + morphemes: ( + sc[1s.act], + high[eat#sc[.fut.pcp.pat‿tmploc.fut]], + [|], + [write] + sc[.fut.2s], + ), + translation: [#high[When] I#high[’ll eat], you#ann[sg]’ll write], + lbl: "ex-case-tmploc-fut", ) #ex( - caption: [Gnomic temporal locative], - txt: [ #high[ ] ], - translit: ([il], high[vionreapt‿anap], [,], [cirtan.]), - phono: (bl + [eẅ], high[vjõʀɛpθ ãnaɸ], [|], [ceɐ̯dã] + br), - morphemes: ( - sc[1s.act], - high[eat#sc[.gno.pcp.pat‿tmploc.gno]], - [|], - [write] + sc[.gno.2s], - ), - translation: [#high[Whenever] I #high[eat], you#ann[sg] write], - lbl: "ex-case-tmploc-gno", + caption: [Gnomic temporal locative], + txt: [ #high[ ] ], + translit: ([il], high[fionreapt‿anap], [,], [cirtan.]), + phono: (bl + [eẅ], high[vjõʀɛpθ ãnaɸ], [|], [ceɐ̯dã] + br), + morphemes: ( + sc[1s.act], + high[eat#sc[.gno.pcp.pat‿tmploc.gno]], + [|], + [write] + sc[.gno.2s], + ), + translation: [#high[Whenever] I #high[eat], you#ann[sg] write], + lbl: "ex-case-tmploc-gno", ) === Proper noun enclitic #sn[] Proper nouns that aren't personal names always take the proper noun enclitic -#low(sc[ppn]) #sn[] ⟨an·⟩ +#ann[ppn] #sn[] ⟨an·⟩ The affix #sn[] ⟨ni-⟩ --- which on proper nouns forms demonyms --- attaches to the front of the proper noun enclitic: #sn[] gives @@ -538,7 +548,7 @@ The Agent and patient forms especially are often dropped in non-participial clauses. Indeed, a speaker would more often use the passive marking and avoid a pronoun altogether than use an patient form: Use #sn[ ] #low[(Loarne.#sc[age] #sc[pass.]eat#sc[.prs.3si])] rather than ?#sn[  - ] #low[?(Loarne#sc[.age] #sc[3si.pat] eat#sc[.prs.3sa])] for + ] #low[?(Loarne#sc[.age] #sc[3si.pat] eat#sc[.prs.3sa])] for "Loarne eats it." #mos-pron(none, open: true) @@ -556,7 +566,7 @@ distinguished in writing. Verbs are typically listed in their gnomic infinitive form. to derive the stem, remove the final #sn[]. Here is a conjugation table for an hypothetical null-stemmed verb as a way to list the affixes#footnote[You may find those forms - verbatim in some older texts as a now defunct copula.] + verbatim in some older texts as a now defunct copula.] #mos-v("", open: true) @@ -565,31 +575,61 @@ null-stemmed verb as a way to list the affixes#footnote[You may find those forms If you need other moods or aspects than an unaspected indicative, there is a plethora of affixes you can stack on verbs to specify them further, they all are interpreted as nested, coming away from the verb, and can be combined and -stacked for more specific meanings +stacked for more specific meanings, or occasionaly derive new core meanings. In +the latter case those are typically indicated in dictionaries. Here is a (eventually but not yet) exhaustive list of such affixes: #low[(all of - them are prefixes)] + them are prefixes)] ==== Conditional -The conditional #sn[] ⟨ffói-⟩ indicates that the action of a verb is an hypothetical, or unreal situation. +The conditional #sn[] ⟨ffói-⟩ #ann[cond] indicates that the action of a +verb is an hypothetical, or unreal situation. -==== Imperfective, durative, iterative +==== Imperfective, durative, iterative, Inchoative +#low[*TODO*: Imperfective, durative] + +The iterative #sn[] ⟨atéo-⟩ #ann[iter] indicates that the action of the +verb is appening again, or repeatedly. + +The inchoative #sn[] ⟨marai-⟩ #ann[inch] is used to indicate that the +start with an action. ==== Perfective, terminative -==== Desiderative, Optative, Hortative +The perfective #sn[] ⟨ntof-⟩ #ann[pfv] is used to indicate that an action +was ponctual instead of lasting. When combined with the inchoative it has a +translative meaning: it indicates a transition into the state resulting of the +active verb or described by the stative verb. + +#low[*TODO*: terminative] + +==== Desiderative, Necessitatives, Optative, Hortative + +The desiderative #sn[] ⟨ffats-⟩ #ann[des] indicates that the results of +the verb are desired by the subject. + +The moral necessitative #sn[] ⟨réan-⟩ #ann[mness] indicates that the +agent is morally obligated to perform the action. + +The hortative #sn[] ⟨cofa-⟩ #ann[hort] indicates a strong injunction to +perform the action. + +#low[*TODO*: Optative, Physical necessitative] ==== Imperative -The imperative, contrary to all the other moods, is expressed with a particle #sn[] ⟨o⟩ after the verb complex. If you need an affix form for @morph-verb-other reasons, you should use the hortative (see @morpho-verb-opt) instead. +The imperative, contrary to all the other moods, is expressed with a particle +#sn[] ⟨o⟩ after the verb complex. If you need an affix form for +@morph-verb-other reasons, you should use the hortative (see @morpho-verb-opt) +instead. ==== Causatives Mosici has two causatives: the purposeful and the accendental. -The purposeful causative #sn[] ⟨siehí-⟩ indicates that the described +The purposeful causative #sn[] ⟨siehí-⟩ indicates that the described state is caused by the agent intentionally. -The accidental causative #sn[] ⟨sní-⟩ indicates that the described state +The accidental causative #sn[] ⟨ssní-⟩ indicates that the described state is cased by the agent in unintentionally or accidentally. Both change the valency of the verb. the cause is expressed as the agent, what @@ -614,3 +654,14 @@ acceptable in all registers. == Numerals = Syntax + +At the sentence level Mosici has a mostly constituant order due to heavy role +marking. That said, it tends to default to topic fronting on an underlying SOV +order. + +Inside constituants, it depends on the type of adjuncts: genitives and ordinals +come before the noun they qualify, but verbal participles and demonstrative come +after the noun they qualify. + +Relative clauses are formed by expressing the verb in the participle, declined +in case with its role in the main clause. diff --git a/templates/utils/lang-mos.typ b/templates/utils/lang-mos.typ index 9965aca..fc53c68 100644 --- a/templates/utils/lang-mos.typ +++ b/templates/utils/lang-mos.typ @@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ base.sc[*pat*], c(ss + ""), ..if pl != false { (c(ps + ""),) } else { () }, base.sc[*gen*], c(ss + ""), ..if pl != false { (c(ps + ""),) } else { () }, base.sc[*dat*], c(ss + sv + ""), ..if pl != false { (c(ps + pv + ""),) } else { () }, - base.sc[*abl*], c(ss + ""), ..if pl != false { (c(ps + ""),) } else { () }, + base.sc[*abl*], c(ss + ""), ..if pl != false { (c(ps + ""),) } else { () }, ) }) } @@ -117,17 +117,17 @@ table( columns: 6, [], base.sc[*age*], base.sc[*pat*], base.sc[*gen*], base.sc[*dat*], base.sc[*abl*], - base.sc[*1s*], c(h: true, ""), c(""), c(""), c(""), c(""), - base.sc[*1p*], c(h: true, ""), c(""), c(""), c(""), c(""), - base.sc[*2s*], c(h: true, ""), c(""), c(""), c(""), c(""), - base.sc[*2p*], c(h: true, ""), c(""), c(""), c(""), c(""), - base.sc[*3sa*], c(h: true, ""), c(""), c(""), c(""), c(""), - base.sc[*3pa*], c(h: true, ""), c(""), c(""), c(""), c(""), - base.sc[*3si*], c(h: true, ""), c(""), c(""), c(""), c(""), - base.sc[*3pi*], c(h: true, ""), c(""), c(""), c(""), c(""), - base.sc[*dem.sg*], c(h: true, ""), c(""), c(""), c(""), c(""), - base.sc[*dem.pl*], c(h: true, ""), c(""), c(""), c(""), c(""), - base.sc[*q*], c(h: true, ""), c(""), c(""), c(""), c(""), + base.sc[*1s*], c(h: true, ""), c(""), c(""), c(""), c(""), + base.sc[*1p*], c(h: true, ""), c(""), c(""), c(""), c(""), + base.sc[*2s*], c(h: true, ""), c(""), c(""), c(""), c(""), + base.sc[*2p*], c(h: true, ""), c(""), c(""), c(""), c(""), + base.sc[*3sa*], c(h: true, ""), c(""), c(""), c(""), c(""), + base.sc[*3pa*], c(h: true, ""), c(""), c(""), c(""), c(""), + base.sc[*3si*], c(h: true, ""), c(""), c(""), c(""), c(""), + base.sc[*3pi*], c(h: true, ""), c(""), c(""), c(""), c(""), + base.sc[*dem.sg*], c(h: true, ""), c(""), c(""), c(""), c(""), + base.sc[*dem.pl*], c(h: true, ""), c(""), c(""), c(""), c(""), + base.sc[*q*], c(h: true, ""), c(""), c(""), c(""), c(""), ) }) }