#import "/templates/base.typ": *
#import "/templates/utils/gloss.typ": example, gloss
#import "/templates/utils/lang-mos.typ": *
#let high = html.span.with(class: "high")
#show: conf.with(page-title: "Mosici")
%lang %mos %language-documentation
#set heading(numbering: "I.A.1.a.")
#let low = html.span.with(class: "low")
#let gloss-opts = (
  txt-style: sn,
  translation-style: low,
)
#let g = gloss.with(..gloss-opts)
#let ex = example.with(..gloss-opts)
#let bl = "["
#let br = "]"
#let ann = it => sub(sc(it))

This page describes Cairniasial standard Mosici, with brief mentions about other
close varieties such as Sialmoséce standard Mosici

= Sound ⁊ Letters <sec-sound-letters>
== Phonology <sec-phonology>
Mosici has the following phonemes
#table(
  columns: 5,
  [], [*Labial*], [*Coronal*], [*Palatal*], [*Dorsal*],
  [*Nasal*], [m], [n], [], [],
  [*Stop*], [p], [t], [], [k],
  [*Fricative*], [f v], [s z], [ɕ ʑ], [ʀ],
  [*Approximants*], [w], [], [j], [ʟ],
)
#table(
  columns: 3,
  [], [*Front*], [*Back*],
  [*Close*], [i y], [u],
  [*Close-Mid*], [e ø], [o],
  [*Open-Mid*], [ɛ], [ɔ],
  [*Open*], table.cell(colspan: 2)[a],
)

All vowels can also all be long,

There is also the following allophony rules:

- The dorsal approximant is realised as a [ẅ] off-glide in coda positions.
- The dorsal fricative is realised as a [ɐ̯] off-glide in coda positions.
- The dorsal fricative is realised as a true fricative [ʁ] in consonant
  clusters.
- /n/ nasalises a preceding vowel.
- /n/ itself is not pronounced in coda positions.#footnote[still applies
    nasalisation] <fn-nasal-even-coda>
- Nasalised close vowels are realised as mid-centralised: /ĩ ĩː ỹ ỹː ũ ũː/ [ɪ̃ ɪ̃ː
  ʏ̃ ʏ̃ː ʊ̃ ʊ̃ː]
- The dorsal plosive ⁊ approximant are realised as palatal before /i y e j/
  #footnote[or their or their long and/or nasalised
    variants] <fn-dorsal-assimilation>,
- The dorsal plosive ⁊ approximant are realised as uvular before /u o
  w/@fn-dorsal-assimilation
- The dorsal plosive ⁊ approximant are realised as palatal after /e i
  j/@fn-dorsal-assimilation or in the coda of a syllable with /e
  i/@fn-dorsal-assimilation as the nucleus.
- The dorsal plosive ⁊ approximant are realised as velar otherwise
- Plosives are realised as voiced next to other phonemically voiced consonants.
- Plosives are realised as non-sibilant fricatives of the same place of
  articulation word finally.

== Coalescence <sec-coalescence>

Mosici doesn't allow consecutive vowels inside of words. To resolve would-be
hiatuses, a coalescence process is used. This process is historic for all native
words, but it still current to resolve diphthongs in loan words and is necessary
to understand to read the written language, as the spelling was fixed before
that sound change occurred.

The process goes thusly (before applying the allophony):

1. Group <enumitem-coalesce-start> all consecutive vowels by pairs, starting at
  near the start of the word
2. Combine all pairs of vowels according to the table below (the first vowel
  indexes the row, and the second vowel indexes the column)
3. If any vowel is long, the resulting vowel is long;
4. Repeat from #context link(
    query(<enumitem-coalesce-start>).first().location(),
  )[step 1] until all hiatus has been resolved.
#table(
  columns: 10,
  [ ], [*a*], [*ɛ*], [*ɔ*], [*e*], [*ø*], [*o*], [*i*], [*y*], [*u*],
  [*a*], [ɔ], [a], [ɔ], [ɛ], [ɛ], [ɔ], [e], [ø], [o],
  [*ɛ*], [ɛ], [i], [ø], [i], [e], [ø], [i], [ø], [ø],
  [*ɔ*], [ɔ], [ø], [ɔ], [ø], [ø], [o], [ø], [ø], [o],
  [*e*], [ɛ], [i], [ø], [i], [e], [ø], [i], [ø], [ø],
  [*ø*], [ø], [e], [ø], [e], [y], [ø], [y], [y], [y],
  [*o*], [ɔ], [ø], [o], [ø], [ø], [u], [ø], [ø], [u],
  [*i*], [ja], [jɛ], [jɔ], [je], [jø], [jo], [i], [jy], [ju],
  [*y*], [ø], [ø], [ø], [ø], [y], [ø], [i], [i], [y],
  [*u*], [wa], [wɛ], [wɔ], [we], [wø], [wo], [wi], [y], [u],
)

== The Nahan Script <sec-nahan-script>
Mosici is written in the [[/worlds/Asteron/Nahan Script]] (also named the
Polia(h)r alphabet), which is am alphabet which in Mosici is considered to have
the following letters, digraphs and diacritic’d letters. The sole diacritic is
called the #sn[] 〈sitrapaóha〉.

#figure(caption: [Poliahr for Mosici], table(
  columns: 5,
  [*Letter*], [*Transliteration*], [*Value (IPA)*], [*Name*], [*Name (IPA)*],
  sn[], [p], [/p/], sn[], [[pe]],
  sn[], [o], [/o/], sn[], [[us]],
  sn[], [l], [/ʟ/], sn[], [[ʟɔ̃]],
  sn[], [i], [/e/], sn[], [[iɐ̯nɛ]],
  sn[], [a], [/a/], sn[], [[ɔ̃ɸ]],
  sn[],
  [h],
  [/∅/#footnote[Lengthens a preceding vowel] <fn-script-h>],
  sn[],
  [[apfɛ]],

  sn[],
  [r],
  [/ʀ/],
  sn[ #footnote[Literally "sounded hapfe"] <fn-script-sounded>],
  [[fasteɕɛx apfɛ]],

  sn[], [c], [/k/], sn[], [[kaẅ]],
  sn[], [n], [/n/], sn[], [[nɔẅ]],
  sn[], [e], [/e/], sn[], [[istaẅ]],
  sn[], [s], [/z/], sn[], [[ɕpaẅ]],
  sn[], [f], [/v/], sn[], [[fasoː]],
  sn[], [m], [/m/], sn[], [[miʎɔ]],
  sn[], [t], [/t/], sn[], [[tɛɟjo]],
))
#figure(caption: [Digraphs], table(
  columns: 3,
  [*Letter(s)*], [*Transliteration*], [*Value IPA*],
  sn[], [ó], [/u/],
  sn[], [í], [/i/],
  sn[], [á], [/ɔ/],
  sn[], [é], [/i/],
  sn[], [ssi], [/ɕ/],
  sn[], [si], [/ʑ/],
  sn[], [ff], [/f/],
  sn[], [ss], [/s/],
))
#figure(caption: [Punctuation], table(
  columns: 3,
  [*Punctuation*], [*Transliteration*], [*Use*],
  sn[], [,], [Comma, short break],
  sn[], [.], [Period, long break, sentence end],
  sn[], [· or -], [word-internal separator, hyphen],
  sn[],
  [’ or : or .],
  [Abbreviation mark, list initiator and hyphenation marker (on both sides of
    the cut).\ Transliteration depends on use],

  sn[ ], [( )], [Quotes or parrenthesis],
))

=== Numbering with the Poliahr order

The letters can be used to number things in the manner most alphabets are used
elsewhere. for those purpose the order is as used above but #sn[] isn't used.

=== Note for Mosici as used on Nguhcraft

Mosici can also be found on the #link("https://mc.nguh.org/")[Nguhcraft world].
That "Sialmoséce standard" version of the language is nearly identical to the
Cairniasial standard described in this document, but has experienced a minor
spelling reform affecting the spelling of voiced fricatives. it introduces two
new modified letters, inserted after their plain versions in the order. They
aren't used in Poliahr order numbering either.

#figure(caption: [New letters in Sialmoséce standard Mosici], table(
  columns: 5,
  [*Letter*], [*Transliteration*], [*Value (IPA)*], [*Name*], [*Name (IPA)*],
  sn[], [z], [/z/], sn[ ], [[fasteɕɛx ɕpaẅ]],
  sn[], [v], [/v/], sn[ ], [[fasteɕex fasoː]],
))
the following sequences are thus respelled
#figure(
  caption: [Repellings in Sialmoséce standard Mosici],
  table(
    columns: 2,
    [*Cairniasial Standard*], [*Sialmoséce Standard*],
    sn[], sn[],
    sn[], sn[],
    sn[], sn[],
    sn[], sn[],
    sn[], sn[],
    sn[], sn[]
  ),
)

== Examples <ex-ortho>

#sn[] ⟨tráihéinss⟩ "fox"
- \*/tʀɔiːɛins/
- → \*/tʀ#high[øːi]ns/ #low[Coalescence 1]
- → /tʀ#high[yː]ns/ #low[Coalescence 2]
- → [d#high[ʁʏ̃ː]s] #low[Allophony]

#sn[] ⟨mosséceec⟩ "of islands"
- \*/mosikɛɛk/
- → /mosik#high[i]k/ #low[Coalescence]
- → [mosi#high[c]i#high[ç]/ #low[Allophony]

#sn[] ⟨an·nielvc⟩ "of Nyelaf"
- \*/annjɛʟvk/
- → /a#high[n]jɛʟvk/ #low[Particle shenanigans]
- → [#high[ã]njɛ#high[ẅ]v#high[ɣ]] #low[Allophony]

= Words <morph>
== Nouns <morph-nouns>
=== Number <morph-nouns-number>

Number is marked by reduplicating the last orthographic vowel of the root
without the sitrapaóha #low[(see following table)]. In most cases the
pronunciation of the plural isn't directly derivable from the pronunciation of
the singular.

#table(
  columns: 2,
  [*Singular*], [*Plural*],
  sn[], sn[],
  sn[], sn[],
  sn[], sn[],
  sn[], sn[],
  sn[], sn[],
  sn[], sn[],
  sn[], sn[],
  sn[], sn[],
)

=== Cases <morph-nouns-cases>

Nouns are also marked for case. There are 5 simple cases --- agent, patient,
genitive, dative and ablative --- and 2 compound cases --- spatial and temporal
locative.

They are 7 patterns for the simple cases based on the the coda consonant(s) of
the agent form: the concatenative pattern, and the 6 substitutive patterns
(#sn[], #sn[], #sn[], #sn[], #sn[], #sn[])

#table(
  columns: 8,
  align: center,
  [],
  [*C*],
  [*Sub* #sn[]],
  [*Sub* #sn[]],
  [*Sub* #sn[]],
  [*Sub* #sn[]],
  [*Sub* #sn[]],
  [*Sub* #sn[]],
  [*Agent*], [∅], sn[], sn[], sn[], sn[], sn[], sn[],
  [*Patient*], table.cell(colspan: 7, sn[]),
  [*Genitive*], table.cell(colspan: 7, sn[]),
  [*Dative*], table.cell(colspan: 2, sn[]), sn[], sn[], sn[],
  sn[], sn[],
  [*Ablative*],
  table.cell(colspan: 3, sn[]),
  table.cell(colspan: 2, sn[]),
  table.cell(colspan: 2, sn[]),
)

==== Agent <case-agent>

The Agent case #low(sc[age]) indicates the agent of a transitive clause, or the
subject of an active intransitive clause.

#ex(
  caption: [Agent case in an transitive clause],
  txt: [#high[]  ],
  translit: (high[loarne], [aint], [ilaalih.]),
  phono: (bl + high[ʟɔɐ̯nɛ], [ɛ̃ð], [eʎɔʎeː] + br),
  morphemes: (high[Loarne.#sc[age]], sc[dem.pat], [say.#sc[pst.3sa]]),
  translation: [#high[Loarne] said that],
  lbl: "ex-case-age-trans",
)
#ex(
  caption: [Agent case in an active intransitive clause],
  txt: [#high[]  #high[] ],
  translit: ([#high[loarne]], [i], high[mazealn], [vionreor.]),
  phono: (bl + high[ʟɔɐ̯nɛ], [e], high[mazɛ̃ẅ], [vjõʀøɐ̯] + br),
  morphemes: (
    high[Loarne.#sc[age]],
    [and],
    high[Mazealn.#sc[age]],
    [eat.#sc[fut.3pa]],
  ),
  translation: [#high[Loarne] and #high[Mazealn] will eat],
  lbl: "ex-case-age-intrans",
)

==== Patient <case-patient>

The Patient case #low(sc[pat]) indicates the patient of a transitive clause, or
the subject of a stative intransitive clause.

#ex(
  caption: [Patient case in a transitive clause#footnote[Note that while the
      pronoun is dropped thanks to the verb conjugation, but the clause is still
      transitive]<fn-pat-trans>],
  txt: [#high[] ],
  translit: (high[nriiht], [vionreef.]),
  phono: (bl + high[nʁiːθ], [vjõʀiɸ] + br),
  morphemes: (high[grain#sc[.pl.pat]], [eat#sc[.prs.1s]]),
  translation: [I eat #high[grains]],
  lbl: "ex-case-pat-trans",
)

#ex(
  caption: [Patient case in an intransitive clause],
  txt: [#high[] ],
  translit: (high[rent], [oítas.]),
  phono: (bl + high[ʀɛ̃ð], [ytas] + br),
  morphemes: (high[house#sc[.pat]], [be\_tall#sc[gno.3si]]),
  translation: [#high[The house] is tall],
  lbl: "ex-case-pat-intrans",
)

==== Genitive <case-genitive>

The genitive case #low(sc[gen]) indicates possession or qualification. Note that
in the case of qualification, the formation of a compound is also possible.
Note: Compounding is not subject to coalescence.

#ex(
  caption: [Possessive genitive case],
  txt: [#high[] ],
  translit: (high[ilc], [ren]),
  phono: (bl + high[eẅɣ], [ʀɛ̃] + br),
  morphemes: (high(sc[1s.gen]), [house#sc[.age]]),
  translation: [#high[my] house],
  lbl: "ex-case-gen-poss",
)
#ex(
  caption: [Qualificative genitive case],
  txt: [#high[] ],
  translit: (high[áhioc], [isove]),
  phono: (bl + high[øːx], [esovɛ] + br),
  morphemes: (high[fiction.#sc[gen]], [job#sc[.age]]),
  translation: [a #high[fictional] job],
  lbl: "ex-case-gen-qual",
)

#ex(
  caption: [Compounding],
  txt: [],
  translit: ([#sn[]\ áhio-], [#sn[]\ isove]),
  phono: (bl + [øː-], [esovɛ] + br),
  morphemes: ([fiction-], [job#sc[.age]]),
  translation: [a fictional job],
  lbl: "ex-case-gen-compound",
)

==== Dative <case-dative>

The dative case #low(sc[dat]) indicates the beneficiary of a ditransitive verbs,
as well as indicating a direction faced. Note hover that it isn't used with
verbs of movement towards something, for those use the patient case (see
@case-patient) instead, the dative instead indicates the means of displacement.
#ex(
  caption: [Dative in ditransitive clauses],
  txt: [#high[]  ],
  translit: (high[elsi], [rent], [siehíef]),
  phono: (bl + high[ɛẅɕ], [ʀɛ̃ð], [ɕjɛːf] + br),
  morphemes: (high(sc[2s.dat]), [house#sc[.pat]], [give.#sc[pres.1s]]),
  translation: [I give #high[you] a house],
  lbl: "ex-case-dat-ditrans",
)
#ex(
  caption: [Dative as means of displacement for verbs of movement towards],
  txt: [ #high[] ],
  translit: ([an·sialmosécet], high[foítztselasi], [oisailin.]),
  phono: (bl + [ãɕaẅmosicɛθ], high[fydztsɛʟaɕ], [øsɛʎẽ] + br),
  morphemes: (
    [#sc[ppn-]Sialmoséce#sc[.dat]],
    high[train.#sc[dat]],
    [go#sc[.pst.2s]],
  ),
  translation: [You#ann[sg] went to Sialmoséce #high[by train]],
  lbl: "ex-case-dat-mot",
)
#ex(
  caption: [Dative as an allative substitute for other verbs],
  txt: [#high[]   ],
  translit: (
    high[an·cairniasialsi],
    [an·sialmosécet],
    [foítztselavia],
    [vilinef.],
  ),
  phono: (bl + high[ãkɛɐ̯nɛɕaẅɕ], [ãɕaẅmosicɛθ], [fydztsɛʟavja], [veʎẽnɛf] + br),
  morphemes: (
    high[#sc[ppn-]Cairniasial#sc[.dat]],
    [#sc[ppn-]Sialmoséce#sc[.pat]],
    [train.#sc[abl]],
    [leave.#sc[prs.1s]],
  ),
  translation: [I leave Sialmoséce by train #high[to Cairniasial].],
  lbl: "ex-case-dat-all",
)

==== Ablative <case-abl>

The ablative case #low(sc[abl]) indicates the provenance of the action. It is
also used as an instrumental, indicating the means by which the action is done.
For verbs of movement away from something, it only has it's instrumental
meaning, the source is indicated by the patient case (see @case-patient). For
verbs of movement towards something, the ablative doesn't have the instrumental
meaning, for that role use the dative instead.

#ex(
  caption: [Ablative case in an ablative meaning],
  txt: [#high[]  ],
  translit: (high[an·sialmosécevia], [nriiht], [vionreef.]),
  phono: (bl + [ãɕaẅmosicɛvja], [nʁiːθ], [vjõʀiɸ] + br),
  morphemes: (
    high[#sc[ppn]-Sialmoséce.#sc[abl]],
    [grain#sc[.pl.pat]],
    [eat#sc[.prs.1s]],
  ),
  translation: [I eat grains #high[from Sialmoséce]],
  lbl: "ex-case-abl-abl",
)
#ex(
  caption: [Ablative case as instrumental],
  txt: [#high[] ],
  translit: (high[hoévenvia], [cirtív.]),
  phono: (bl + high[yvɛ̃vja], [ceɐ̯div] + br),
  morphemes: (high[pen#sc[.abl]], [write#sc[.past.1pe]]),
  translation: [We#ann[excl] wrote #high[with a pen].],
  lbl: "ex-case-abl-inst",
)

==== Spatial Locative <case-spaloc>

The spatial locative cases #low(sc[sploc]) is used to indicate a spacial
location. it is marked by expressing the noun in the genitive case, followed by
the #sn[] ⟨la⟩ particle.

#ex(
  caption: [Spatial Locative],
  txt: [ #high[ ]],
  translit: ([il], high[an·vansterilc‿la] + [.]),
  phono: (bl + [eẅ], [ãvãstɛʀeẅʝ ʟa] + br),
  morphemes: (sc[1s.age], [#sc[ppn-]Vansterel#sc[.gen‿sploc]]),
  translation: [We#ann[excl] wrote #high[with a pen].],
  lbl: "ex-case-sploc",
)

==== Temporal Locative <case-temploc>

There are four temporal locatives: past, present, future and gnomic #low(
  sc[tmploc.pst, tmploc.prs, tmploc.fut] + [ and ] + sc[tmploc.gno],
). The past case (resp. present and future) is used, as its name indicates, to
locate events that happened in the past (resp. present and future). The gnomic
case locates events that are either generally happening, happening at an unknown
point in time, or happening repeatedly. The past case (resp. present, future,
gnomic) are indicated by expressing the noun in the oblique followed by the
particle #sn[] ⟨anip⟩ (resp #sn[] ⟨anep⟩, #sn[] ⟨anop⟩ and
#sn[] ⟨anap⟩) However the present case is rarely used outside of set
phrases like #sn[ ] “today” or #sn[ ] “now”

#ex(
  caption: [Present temporal locative],
  txt: [#high[ ] ],
  translit: (high[vint‿anep], [mareves.]),
  phono: (bl + high[vẽð ãneɸ], [maʀɛvɛs] + br),
  morphemes: (high[day.#sc[pat‿tmploc.prs]], [be_cold.#sc[prs.3si]]),
  translation: [It’s cold #high[today]],
  lbl: "ex-case-tmploc-prs",
)

#ex(
  caption: [Past temporal locative],
  txt: [ #high[ ] ],
  translit: ([il], high[vionreipt‿anip], [,], [cirtin.]),
  phono: (bl + [eẅ], high[vjõʀipθ ãneɸ], [|], [ceɐ̯dẽ] + br),
  morphemes: (
    sc[1s.act],
    high[eat#sc[.pst.pcp.pat‿tmploc.pst]],
    [|],
    [write] + sc[.pst.2s],
  ),
  translation: [#high[When] I #high[ate], you#ann[sg] wrote],
  lbl: "ex-case-tmploc-pst",
)
#ex(
  caption: [Future temporal locative],
  txt: [ #high[ ] ],
  translit: ([il], high[vionreapt‿anop], [,], [cirton.]),
  phono: (bl + [eẅ], high[vjõʀøpθ ãnoɸ], [|], [ceɐ̯dõ] + br),
  morphemes: (
    sc[1s.act],
    high[eat#sc[.fut.pcp.pat‿tmploc.fut]],
    [|],
    [write] + sc[.fut.2s],
  ),
  translation: [#high[When] I#high[’ll eat], you#ann[sg]’ll write],
  lbl: "ex-case-tmploc-fut",
)
#ex(
  caption: [Gnomic temporal locative],
  txt: [ #high[ ] ],
  translit: ([il], high[vionreapt‿anap], [,], [cirtan.]),
  phono: (bl + [eẅ], high[vjõʀɛpθ ãnaɸ], [|], [ceɐ̯dã] + br),
  morphemes: (
    sc[1s.act],
    high[eat#sc[.gno.pcp.pat‿tmploc.gno]],
    [|],
    [write] + sc[.gno.2s],
  ),
  translation: [#high[Whenever] I #high[eat], you#ann[sg] write],
  lbl: "ex-case-tmploc-gno",
)

=== Proper noun enclitic #sn[] <morph-ppn>

Proper nouns that aren't personal names always take the proper noun enclitic
#low(sc[ppn]) #sn[] ⟨an·⟩

The affix #sn[] ⟨ni-⟩ --- which on proper nouns forms demonyms --- attaches
to the front of the proper noun enclitic: #sn[] gives
#sn[] and not \*#sn[] or \*#sn[]. Demonyms
formed this way also mark plural on the proper noun enclitic: #sn[]
pluralises to #sn[] and not \*#sn[].

== Pronouns <morph-pronouns>

Mosici has a full set of personal, demonstrative and interrogative pronouns (see
table at the end of this section). However, the use of personal pronouns is
limited to situations where they are necessary.

The Agent and patient forms especially are often dropped in non-participial
clauses. Indeed, a speaker would more often use the passive marking and avoid a
pronoun altogether than use an patient form: Use #sn[ ]
#low[(Loarne.#sc[age] #sc[pass.]eat#sc[.prs.3si])] rather than ?#sn[ 
  ] #low[?(Loarne#sc[.age] #sc[3si.pat] eat#sc[.prs.3sa])] for
"Loarne eats it."

#mos-pron(none, open: true)

== Verbs <morph-verbs>

Verbs are mainly conjugated according to their tense and the grammatical person
of the agent.

Orthographically the pattern is completely regular, however the vowel
coalescence (see @sec-coalescence) causes the pronunciation to be quite chaotic.
The plural forms of past and present tense are always identical when spoken but
distinguished in writing.

Verbs are typically listed in their gnomic infinitive form. to derive the stem,
remove the final #sn[]. Here is a conjugation table for an hypothetical
null-stemmed verb as a way to list the affixes#footnote[You may find those forms
  verbatim in some older texts as a now defunct copula.] <fn-old-copula>

#mos-v("", open: true)

=== Aspect, mood ⁊ related nonsense <morph-verbs-extra-tam>

If you need other moods or aspects than an unaspected indicative, there is a
plethora of affixes you can stack on verbs to specify them further, they all are
interpreted as nested, coming away from the verb, and can be combined and
stacked for more specific meanings

Here is a (eventually but not yet) exhaustive list of such affixes: #low[(all of
  them are prefixes)]

==== Conditionals, irrealis <morph-verbs-cond>


==== Imperfective, durative, iterative <morph-verb-npfv>
==== Perfective, terminative <morph-verb-pfv>
==== Desiderative, Optative, Hortative <morpho-verb-opt>
==== Imperative <morph-verb-imp>
==== Causatives <morph-verb-cau>
Mosici has two causatives: the purposeful and the accendental.

The purposeful causative #sn[] ⟨siehí-⟩ indicates that the described
state is caused by the agent intentionally.

The accidental causative #sn[] ⟨sní-⟩ indicates that the described state
is cased by the agent in unintentionally or accidentally.

Both change the valency of the verb. the cause is expressed as the agent, what
would the agent of the root verb is expressed as the patient, and what would
have been the patient of the root verb is expressed in the dative, the verb
agrees with it's new agent (unless further modified). ====
Passive <morph-verb-pas>
The passive affix #sn[] ⟨na-⟩ makes a transitive verb agree with its
patient instead of its agent. ==== Negation <morph-verb-neg>
The negation prefix is #sn[] ⟨ta-⟩. It negates whatever component of the
verb is immediately following it.

==== Also on other parts of speech <morph-verb-other>
While frowned upon in more formal texts, all of the above mood and aspect
affixes can be added to nouns to great effect in less formal or more poetic
registers. Exception is of the negation affix which is considered perfectly
acceptable in all registers.

== Numerals

= Syntax
