#language 
# Sounds ⁊ Letters
## Phonology and phonotactics
Mosici has the following phonemes:

| | Labials | Coronals | Palatals | Dorsals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Nasals** | <span class="ipa">m</span> | <span class="ipa">n</span> | | |
| **Stops** | <span class="ipa">p</span> | <span class="ipa">t</span> | | <span class="ipa">k</span> |
| **Fricatives** | <span class="ipa">f v</span> | <span class="ipa">s z</span> | <span class="ipa">ɕ ʑ</span> | <span class="ipa">ʀ</span> |
| **Approximants** | <span class="ipa">w</span> | | <span class="ipa">j</span> | <span class="ipa">ʟ</span> |

| | Front | Back |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Close** | <span class="ipa">i y</span> | <span class="ipa">u</span> |
| **Close-Mid** | <span class="ipa">e ø</span> | <span class="ipa">o</span> |
| **Open-Mid** | <span class="ipa">ɛ</span> | <span class="ipa">ɔ</span> |
| **Open** | <span class="ipa">a</span> | |
Vowels can also all be long, nasalised, or both.
There are also the following allophony rules:
- Plosives are realised as voiced next to voiced fricatives and approximants.
- Plosives are realised as non-sibilant fricatives at the end of words
- For the dorsal plosive and approximant:
	- They are realised as palata before <span class="ipa">/i y e j/</span> or their long and/or nasalised variants
	- They are realised as uvular before /u o w/ or their long and/or nasalised variants
	- They are realised as palatal after /i e j/ or their long and/or nasalised variants
	- Otherwise they are realised as velar
- The dorsal approximant <span class="ipa">/ʟ/</span> is realised as <span class="ipa">[ẅ]</span> in coda position
- The dorsal approximant <span class="ipa">/ʀ/</span> is realised as <span class="ipa">[ɐ̯]</span> in coda position
- The dorsal fricative <span class="ipa">/ʀ/</span> is realised as <span class="ipa">[ʁ]</span> after consonants
- <span class="ipa">/n/</span> nasalises a preceding vowel
- <span class="ipa">/n/</span> is silent in coda positions (still nasalising tho)
- <span class="ipa">/n/</span> assimilates to <span class="ipa">[ɲ]</span> after a palatal consonant as well as before <span class="ipa">/i e j/</span>, and to <span class="ipa">[ŋ]</span> after a velar consonant
## Coalescence
Mosici doesn't allow consecutive vowels inside of words. To resolve would-be hiatuses, a coalescence process is used.
This process is historic for all native words, but it still current to resolve diphthongs in loan words and is necessary to understand to read the written language, as the spelling was fixed before that sound change occurred.

The process goes thusly (before applying the allophony):
1. Group all consecutive vowels by pairs, starting at near the start of the word; ^coal-proc-1
2. Combine all pairs of vowels according to the table below (the first vowel indexes the row, and the second vowel indexes the column);
3. If any vowel is long, the resulting vowel is long;
4. Repeat from [[#^coal-proc-1|1]] until all hiatus has been resolved.

| | a | ɛ | ɔ | e | ø | o | i | y | u |
| :---: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: |
| **a** | ɔ | a | ɔ | ɛ | ɛ | ɔ | e | ø | o |
| **ɛ** | ɛ | i | ø | i | e | ø | i | ø | ø |
| **ɔ** | ɔ | ø | ɔ | ø | ø | o | ø | ø | o |
| **e** | ɛ | i | ø | i | e | ø | i | ø | ø |
| **ø** | ø | e | ø | e | y | ø | y | y | y |
| **o** | ɔ | ø | o | ø | ø | u | ø | ø | u |
| **i** | ja | jɛ | jɔ | je | jø | jo | ji | jy | ju |
| **y** | ø | ø | ø | ø | y | ø | i | y | y |
| **u** | wa | wɛ | wɔ | we | wø | wo | wi | y | u |
## The Nahan Script
Mosici is written in the nahan alphabet (also named the Polia(h)r alphabet), which has the follwoing letters, digraphs and diacritics. The diacritic on the vowels is called the <span class="s-nah">sitrapaóha</span> <span class="ipa">[ɕdʁapɔː]</span> (plural <span class="s-nah">sitrapaóhaa</span> <span class="ipa">[ɕdʁapoː]</span>)

| Letter | Transliteration | Value (IPA) | Name | Name (IPA) |
| :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: |
| <span class="s-nah">p</span> | p | <span class="ipa">/p/</span> | <span class="s-nah">paí</span> | <span class="ipa">[pe]</span> |
| <span class="s-nah">o</span> | o | <span class="ipa">/o/</span> | <span class="s-nah">ós</span> | <span class="ipa">[us]</span> |
| <span class="s-nah">l</span> | l | <span class="ipa">/ʟ/</span> | <span class="s-nah">lán</span> | <span class="ipa">[ʟɔ̃]</span> |
| <span class="s-nah">i</span> | i | <span class="ipa">/e/</span>, <span class="ipa">/j/</span> | <span class="s-nah">írne</span> | <span class="ipa">[iɐ̯nɛ]</span> |
| <span class="s-nah">a</span> | a | <span class="ipa">/a/</span> | <span class="s-nah">ánp</span> | <span class="ipa">[ɔ̃ɸ]</span> |
| <span class="s-nah">h</span> | h | <span class="ipa">/∅/</span>[^1] | <span class="s-nah">hapfe</span> | <span class="ipa">[apfɛ]</span> |
| <span class="s-nah">r</span> | r | <span class="ipa">/ʀ/</span> | <span class="s-nah">fastesiec hapfe</span> [^2]<br> | <span class="ipa">[fasteɕɛx apfɛ]</span> |
| <span class="s-nah">c</span> | c | <span class="ipa">/k/</span> | <span class="s-nah">cal</span> | <span class="ipa">[kaẅ]</span> |
| <span class="s-nah">n</span> | n | <span class="ipa">/n/</span> | <span class="s-nah">naol</span> | <span class="ipa">[nɔẅ]</span> |
| <span class="s-nah">e</span> | e | <span class="ipa">/e/</span> | <span class="s-nah">éstal</span> | <span class="ipa">[istaẅ]</span> |
| <span class="s-nah">s</span> | s | <span class="ipa">/s/</span> | <span class="s-nah">sipal</span> | <span class="ipa">[ɕpaẅ]</span> |
| <span class="s-nah">z</span> | z | <span class="ipa">/z/</span> | <span class="s-nah">fastesiec sipal</span> | <span class="ipa">[fasteɕɛx ɕpaẅ]</span> |
| <span class="s-nah">f</span> | f | <span class="ipa">/f/</span> | <span class="s-nah">fasoh</span> | <span class="ipa">[fasoː]</span> |
| <span class="s-nah">v</span> | v | <span class="ipa">/v/</span> | <span class="s-nah">fastesiec fasoh</span> | <span class="ipa">[fasteɕex fasoː]</span> |
| <span class="s-nah">m</span> | m | <span class="ipa">/m/</span> | <span class="s-nah">milá</span> | <span class="ipa">[miʎɔ]</span> |
| <span class="s-nah">t</span> | t | <span class="ipa">/t/</span> | <span class="s-nah">tecio</span> | <span class="ipa">[tɛɟjo]</span> |
[^1]: Lengthens a preceeding vowel
[^2]: Literally “sounded <span class="s-nah">h</span>”

| Spelling | Transliteration | Value (IPA) |
| :---: | :---: | :---: |
| <span class="s-nah">ó</span> | ó | <span class="ipa">/u/</span> |
| <span class="s-nah">í</span> | í | <span class="ipa">/i/</span> |
| <span class="s-nah">á</span> | á | <span class="ipa">/ɔ/</span> |
| <span class="s-nah">é</span> | é | <span class="ipa">/i/</span> |
| <span class="s-nah">si</span> | si | <span class="ipa">/ɕ/</span> |
| <span class="s-nah">zi</span> | zi | <span class="ipa">/ʑ/</span> |
The Nahan script also uses a number of punctuation marks:

| Symbols | Transcriptions | Notes |
| :---: | :---: | :--- |
| <span class="s-nah">,</span> | , | Comma, indicates a short pause in the sentence |
| <span class="s-nah">.</span> | . | Period, indicates the end of a sentence |
| <span class="s-nah">( )</span> | “ ” or \[ \] | Used as quotes, as well as around numerals[^3] |
| <span class="s-nah">\-</span> | · or ’ | Middle dot, used to separate clitics |
| <span class="s-nah">:</span> | : or . depending on use | Introduces lists, or indicates an abbreviation |
[^3]: in shortend or informal writings as well as for dates, a middle dot either side of the numeral is used instead

## Examples
- <span class="s-nah">tráiheíns</span> tráiheíns “fox”
 <span class="ipa">〈tʀɔiːɛins〉</span>
 - \*<span class="ipa">/tʀ<span class="accent">øːi</span>ns/</span> (Coalescence 1)
 - <span class="ipa">/tʀ<span class="accent">yː</span>ns/</span> (Coalescence 2)
 - <span class="ipa">[d<span class="accent">ʁ</span>ỹːs]</span> (Allophony rules)
- <span class="s-nah">moséceec</span> moséceec “of the isles”
 <span class="ipa">〈mosicɛɛk〉</span>
 - <span class="ipa">/mosik<span class="accent">i</span>k/</span> (Coalescence)
 - <span class="ipa">[mosi<span class="accent">c</span>i<span class="accent">ç</span>]</span> (Allophony rules)
- <span class="s-nah">an-nielvc</span> an·nielvc "of Nyelaf"
 <span class="ipa">〈annjɛʟvk〉</span>
 - <span class="ipa">/<span class="accent">an</span>jɛʟvk/</span> (Particle shenanigans)
 - <span class="ipa">[<span class="accent">ã</span>njɛ<span class="accent">ẅ</span>v<span class="accent">ɣ</span>]</span> (Allophony rules)

# Morphology
## Nouns

### Number
Number is marked by a change of the last vowel of the root according to the patter in the following table. in practice the pronunciation of the plural isn't derivable from the pronunciation of the singular.

| Singluar | Plurau |
| --- | --- |
| <span class="s-nah">o</span> | <span class="s-nah">oo</span> |
| <span class="s-nah">ó</span> | <span class="s-nah">óo</span> |
| <span class="s-nah">i</span> | <span class="s-nah">ii</span> |
| <span class="s-nah">í</span> | <span class="s-nah">íi</span> |
| <span class="s-nah">a</span> | <span class="s-nah">aa</span> |
| <span class="s-nah">á</span> | <span class="s-nah">áa</span> |
| <span class="s-nah">e</span> | <span class="s-nah">ee</span> |
| <span class="s-nah">é</span> | <span class="s-nah">ée</span> |
### Simple cases
For the main roles, there are 7 patterns: the concatenative pattern and the 6 substitutive patterns: <span class="s-nah">s</span>, <span class="s-nah">z</span>, <span class="s-nah">ts</span>, <span class="s-nah">tz</span>, <span class="s-nah">cs</span>, and <span class="s-nah">cz</span>.

| | Concat | Subst <span class="s-nah">s</span> | Subst <span class="s-nah">z</span> | Subst <span class="s-nah">ts</span> | Subst <span class="s-nah">tz</span> | Subst <span class="s-nah">cs</span> | Subst <span class="s-nah">cz</span> |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Topic** | ∅ | -<span class="s-nah">s</span> | -<span class="s-nah">z</span> | -<span class="s-nah">ts</span> | -<span class="s-nah">tz</span> | -<span class="s-nah">cs</span> | -<span class="s-nah">cz</span> |
| **Oblique** | -<span class="s-nah">t</span> | -<span class="s-nah">t</span> | -<span class="s-nah">t</span> | -<span class="s-nah">t</span> | -<span class="s-nah">t</span> | -<span class="s-nah">t</span> | -<span class="s-nah">t</span> |
| **Genitive** | -<span class="s-nah">c</span> | -<span class="s-nah">c</span> | -<span class="s-nah">c</span> | -<span class="s-nah">c</span> | -<span class="s-nah">c</span> | -<span class="s-nah">c</span> | -<span class="s-nah">c</span> |
| **Dative** | -<span class="s-nah">si</span> | -<span class="s-nah">si</span> | -<span class="s-nah">zi</span> | -<span class="s-nah">tsi</span> | -<span class="s-nah">tzi</span> | -<span class="s-nah">csi</span> | -<span class="s-nah">czi</span> |
| **Ablative** | -<span class="s-nah">via</span> | -<span class="s-nah">via</span> | -<span class="s-nah">via</span> | -<span class="s-nah">tvia</span> | -<span class="s-nah">tvia</span> | -<span class="s-nah">cvia</span> | -<span class="s-nah">cvia</span> |
#### Topic

The topic case (`TOP`) indicates the topic of the clause. it is the agent of active clauses and the patient of passive clauses.
> <span class="s-nah"><span class="accent">loarne</span> aint ilálapih</span>.
> <span class="accent">loarne</span> aint ilálapih.
> <span class="accent">Loarne.TOP</span> DEM.OBL say.PAST.3SA
> *<span class="accent">Loarne</span> said that*
#### Oblique
The oblique case (`OBL`) indicates the less salient arguments of the clause that aren't indicated by another case. It indicates the patient of active clauses and the agent of passive clauses.
> <span class="s-nah"><span class="accent">nríht</span> vionreeh</span>
> <span class="accent">nríht</span> vionreeh
> <span class="accent">seed.PL.OBL</span> eat.PRES.3SA
> *They<sub>SG</sub> eat <span class="accent">seeds</span>.*
#### Genitive
The genitive case (`GEN`) indicates a possessive or qualifier.
> <span class="s-nah"><span class="accent">ilc</span> ren</span>
> <span class="accent">ilc</span> ren
> <span class="accent">1S.GEN</span> house.TOP
> *<span class="accent">My</span> house*

> <span class="s-nah"><span class="accent">áhioc</span> isove</span>
> <span class="accent">áhioc</span> isove
> <span class="accent">fiction.GEN</span> job
> *<span class="accent">Fictional</span> job*

#### Dative
The dative case (`DAT`) indicates the beneficiary of a ditransitive verbs, as well as the qualification direction faced. It however doesn't indicates the destination of verbs of movement towards. For those, use the [[#oblique]] case, the dative indicates the means of movement instead.
> <span class="s-nah"><span class="accent">elsi</span> rent siehíef.</span>
> <span class="accent">elsi</span> rent siehíef.
> <span class="accent">2S.DAT</span> house.OBL give.PRES.1S
> *I give <span class="accent">you</span> a house.*

> <span class="s-nah">an-sialmosécet <span class="accent">foítztselasi</span> oisailin.</span>
> an·sialmosécet <span class="accent">foítztselasi</span> oisailin.
> PPN=Chalmosique.OBL <span class="accent">train.DAT</span> go.PAST.2S
> *You went to Chalmosique <span class="accent">by train</span>.*
#### Ablative
The ablative case (`ABL`) indicates the source of ditransitive verbs, as well as indicating the tool of the action.
It however doesn't indicate the source of verbs of movements away from. For those, use the [[#oblique]] case, the ablative indicates the means of movement instead.
> <span class="s-nah"><span class="accent">hoévenvia</span> cirtív</span>
> <span class="accent">hoévenvia</span> cirtív
> <span class="accent">pen.ABL</span> write.PAST.1PE
> *We<sub>EXCL</sub> wrote <span class="accent">with a pen</span>.*

> <span class="s-nah">ie <span class="accent">an-cairniasialvia</span></span>
> ie <span class="accent">an·cairniasialvia</span>
> 3SA.TOP <span class="accent">PPN=Cairniasial.ABL</span>
> *They<sub>SG</sub> are <span class="accent">from Cairniasial</span>*

> <span class="s-nah">sialt <span class="accent">fatóirvia</span> hastereón</span>
> sialt <span class="accent">fatóirvia</span> hastereón
> city.OBL <span class="accent">boat.ABL</span> exit.FUT.2P
> *You'll leave the city <span class="accent">by boat</span>.*
### Compound cases
Compound cases are extra cased constructed on top of the base 5 cases
#### Spatial Locatives
The spatial locative cases (`LOCSP`) is used to indicate a spacial location. it is marked by expressing the noun in the genitive case, followed by the <span class="s-nah">(la)</span> particle.
> <span class="s-nah">il <span class="accent">an-Vansterilc la</span>.</span>
> il <span class="accent">an·Vansterilc‿la</span>.
> 1S.TOP <span class="accent">PPN=Vansteril.GEN‿LOCSP</span>.
> *I’m <span class="accent">in Vansteril</span>.*
#### Temporal Locatives
There are four temporal locatives: past, present, future and gnomic (`LOCTMP.PAST`, ...`PRES`, ...`FUT` and ...`GNO`). The past case (resp. present and future) is used, as it's name indicates, to locate events that happened in the past (resp. present and future). The gnomic case locates events that are either generally happeneing, happening at an unknown point in time, or happening repeatedly.
The past case (resp. present, future, gnomic) are indicated by expressing the noun in the oblique followed by the particle <span class="s-nah">(anip)</span> (resp <span class="s-nah">(anep)</span>, <span class="s-nah">(anop)</span>, <span class="s-nah">(anap)</span>)
However the present case is rarely used outside of set phrases like <span class="s-nah">(vint anep)</span> “today” or <span class="s-nah">(mpat anep)</span> “now”
> <span class="s-nah"><span class="accent">vint anep</span> mareves</span>
> <span class="accent">vint‿anep</span> mareves
> <span class="accent">day.OBL‿LOCTMP.PRES</span> be_cold.PRES.3SI
> *It’s cold <span class="accent">today</span>.*

> <span class="s-nah">il <span class="accent">vionreipt anip</span> cirtin</span>
> il <span class="accent">vionreipt‿anip</span> cirtin
> 1S.TOP <span class="accent">eat.PAST.PCP.OBL‿LOCTMP.PAST</span> write.PAST.2S
> *<span class="accent">When</span> I <span class="accent">ate</span>, I wrote.*

> <span class="s-nah">il <span class="accent">vionreopt anop</span> cirton</span>
> il <span class="accent">vionreopt‿anop</span> cirton
> 1S.TOP <span class="accent">eat.FUT.PCP.OBL‿LOCTMP.FUT</span> write.FUT.2S
> *<span class="accent">When</span> I<span class="accent">’ll eat</span>, I’ll write.*

> <span class="s-nah">il <span class="accent">vionreapt anap</span> cirtan</span>
> il <span class="accent">vionreapt‿anap</span> cirtan
> 1S.TOP <span class="accent">eat.GNO.PCP.OBL‿LOCTMP.GNO</span> write.GNO.2S
> *<span class="accent">Whenever</span> I <span class="accent">eat</span>, I write.*

### Proper noun clitic
Proper nouns that aren't personal names always take the proper noun clitic <span class="s-nah">(an)</span> (`PPN`)
### Pronouns

| | 1S | 2S | 3SI | 3SA | 1PE | 1PI | 2P | 3PI | 3PA | Q | DEM | DEM.PL |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **TOP** | <span class="s-nah">il</span> | <span class="s-nah">el</span> | <span class="s-nah">ain</span> | <span class="s-nah">ie</span> | <span class="s-nah">íl</span> | <span class="s-nah">iél</span> | <span class="s-nah">él</span> | <span class="s-nah">aín</span> | <span class="s-nah">ié</span> | <span class="s-nah">aóts</span> | <span class="s-nah">mpa</span> | <span class="s-nah">mpá</span> |
| **OBL** | <span class="s-nah">ilt</span> | <span class="s-nah">elt</span> | <span class="s-nah">aint</span> | <span class="s-nah">iet</span> | <span class="s-nah">ílt</span> | <span class="s-nah">iélt</span> | <span class="s-nah">élt</span> | <span class="s-nah">aínt</span> | <span class="s-nah">iét</span> | <span class="s-nah">aót</span> | <span class="s-nah">mpat</span> | <span class="s-nah">mpát</span> |
| **GEN** | <span class="s-nah">ilc</span> | <span class="s-nah">elc</span> | <span class="s-nah">ainc</span> | <span class="s-nah">iec</span> | <span class="s-nah">ílc</span> | <span class="s-nah">iélc</span> | <span class="s-nah">élc</span> | <span class="s-nah">aínc</span> | <span class="s-nah">iéc</span> | <span class="s-nah">aóc</span> | <span class="s-nah">mpac</span> | <span class="s-nah">mpác</span> |
| **DAT** | <span class="s-nah">ílsi</span> | <span class="s-nah">elsi</span> | <span class="s-nah">ainsi</span> | <span class="s-nah">iesi</span> | <span class="s-nah">ílsi</span> | <span class="s-nah">iélsi</span> | <span class="s-nah">élsi</span> | <span class="s-nah">aínsi</span> | <span class="s-nah">iési</span> | <span class="s-nah">aótsi</span> | <span class="s-nah">mpasi</span> | <span class="s-nah">mpási</span> |
| **ABL** | <span class="s-nah">ilvia</span> | <span class="s-nah">elvia</span> | <span class="s-nah">ainvia</span> | <span class="s-nah">ievia</span> | <span class="s-nah">ílvia</span> | <span class="s-nah">iélvia</span> | <span class="s-nah">élvia</span> | <span class="s-nah">aínvia</span> | <span class="s-nah">iévia</span> | <span class="s-nah">aótvia</span> | <span class="s-nah">mpavia</span> | <span class="s-nah">mpávia</span> |

## Verbs
Verbs are conjugated according to their tense and the grammatical person of the agent.
Orthographically the pattern is completely regular, however the vowel coalescence (see [[#Coalescence]]) causes the pronunciation to be quite chaotic. The plural forms of past and present tense are always identical when spoken but distinguished in writing.

| | 1S | 2S | 3SI | 3SA | 1PE | 1PI | 2P | 3PI | 3PA | INF | PCP.SG | PCP.PL |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **PAST** | <span class="s-nah">-if</span> | <span class="s-nah">-in</span> | <span class="s-nah">-is</span> | <span class="s-nah">-ih</span> | <span class="s-nah">-ív</span> | <span class="s-nah">-ím</span> | <span class="s-nah">-ín</span> | <span class="s-nah">-íz</span> | <span class="s-nah">-ír</span> | <span class="s-nah">-i</span> | <span class="s-nah">-ip</span> | <span class="s-nah">-íp</span> |
| **PRES** | <span class="s-nah">-ef</span> | <span class="s-nah">-en</span> | <span class="s-nah">-es</span> | <span class="s-nah">-eh</span> | <span class="s-nah">-év</span> | <span class="s-nah">-ém</span> | <span class="s-nah">-én</span> | <span class="s-nah">-éz</span> | <span class="s-nah">-ér</span> | <span class="s-nah">-e</span> | <span class="s-nah">-ep</span> | <span class="s-nah">-ép</span> |
| **FUT** | <span class="s-nah">-of</span> | <span class="s-nah">-on</span> | <span class="s-nah">-os</span> | <span class="s-nah">-oh</span> | <span class="s-nah">-óv</span> | <span class="s-nah">-óm</span> | <span class="s-nah">-ón</span> | <span class="s-nah">-óz</span> | <span class="s-nah">-ór</span> | <span class="s-nah">-o</span> | <span class="s-nah">-op</span> | <span class="s-nah">-óp</span> |
| **GNO** | <span class="s-nah">-af</span> | <span class="s-nah">-an</span> | <span class="s-nah">-as</span> | <span class="s-nah">-ah</span> | <span class="s-nah">-áv</span> | <span class="s-nah">-ám</span> | <span class="s-nah">-án</span> | <span class="s-nah">-áz</span> | <span class="s-nah">-ár</span> | <span class="s-nah">-a</span> | <span class="s-nah">-ap</span> | <span class="s-nah">-áp</span> |

All other facets of verb morphology are indicated by a great number of prefixes here are the more useful (look for the `#mos/verbmod` tag in the dictionary for a more complete list)
- <span class="s-nah">na-</span> passive voice
- <span class="s-nah">siehi-</span> volontary causation
- <span class="s-nah">sien-</span> involontary causation
- <span class="s-nah">caó-</span> augmentative
- <span class="s-nah">rel-</span> diminutive
- <span class="s-nah">rie-</span> conditional
# Syntax

# Numbers
