653 lines
20 KiB
Typst
653 lines
20 KiB
Typst
#import ".template.typ": *
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#show: conf
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#title[AIN-48 Instruction Set Architecture]
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#align(center, grid(
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columns: 4,
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column-gutter: .5em,
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align: left + horizon,
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row-gutter: .5em,
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grid.cell(rowspan: 2)[Architectúra],
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[Internátionális],
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[Nórmae],
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grid.cell(rowspan: 2)[--- 48 bit],
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[Instrúctiónum],
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[Numerátiónum],
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))
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#show heading: set text(weight: 900)
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#show heading: it => [
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#set par(justify: false)
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#grid(columns: (auto, 1fr), column-gutter: .25em, if it.numbering != none {
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context [#counter(heading).display(it.numbering)]
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} else [], it.body)
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]
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= Conventions
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A *byte* (singulus) is the smallest addressable part of memory, that is, a 12-bit
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binary number.
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A *word* (quaternus) is a binary number composed of 4 bytes, that is, a 48 bit
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binary number.
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In memory, multibyte numbers are laid out with the least significant byte at the
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lowest memory address.
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= Registers
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The main registers of the architecture are all word-length:
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#columns(2)[
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/ %0/%nul:Constant zero
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/ %01: General purpose
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/ %02: General purpose
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/ %03: General purpose
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/ %04: General purpose
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/ %05: General purpose
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/ %06: General purpose
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/ %07: General purpose
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/ %ia: Index ad actiónem\ (Instruction pointer)
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#colbreak()
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/ %10: General purpose
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/ %11: General purpose
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/ %12: General purpose
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/ %13: General purpose
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/ %14: General purpose
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/ %15: General purpose
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/ %16: General purpose
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/ %17/%it: Index ad turrim\ (Stack pointer)
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]
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There is also a 3-bit status register.
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= Instructions as encoded
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In instruction diagrams, each large rectangle represents a byte, that are
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disposed in memory as implied by the reading order, starting at the lowest
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memory address.
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#let amal = [Actió Machinae Arithméticae Logicaeque]
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== #amal
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#align(
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center,
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cetz.canvas(
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{
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import cetz.draw: *
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scale(.65)
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byte_diag((
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [i#sub[2]\ 0]),
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(1, [i#sub[1]\ 0]),
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(1, [s]),
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(4, [ac]),
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), ((4, [r#sub[f]]), (4, [r#sub[2]]), (4, [r#sub[1]])))
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content((12.25, -1))[or]
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byte_diag(voff: -5, (
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [i#sub[2]\ 0]),
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(1, [i#sub[1]\ 1]),
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(1, [s]),
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(4, [ac]),
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), ((4, [r#sub[f]]), (4, [r#sub[2]]), (4, text(size: .9em)[imm[0:3]])))
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content((12.25, -6))[or]
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byte_diag(voff: -10, (
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [i#sub[2]\ 1]),
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(1, [i#sub[1]\ 0]),
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(1, [s]),
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(4, [op]),
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), ((4, [r#sub[f]]), (4, text(size: .9em)[imm[0:3]]), (4, [r#sub[1]])))
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content((12.25, -11))[or]
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byte_diag(voff: -15, (
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [i#sub[2]\ 1]),
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(1, [i#sub[1]\ 1]),
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(1, [s]),
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(4, [ac]),
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), ((4, [r#sub[f]]), (8, [imm[0:7]])))
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},
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),
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)
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#let iml = [Immediátum Magnum Lectura]
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== #iml
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#align(
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center,
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cetz.canvas(
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{
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import cetz.draw: *
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scale(.65)
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byte_diag((
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [1]),
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [s]),
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(4, [r]),
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), ((12, [imm[0:11]]),))
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byte_diag(((12, [imm[12:23]]),), ((12, [imm[24:35]]),), voff: -3)
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byte_diag(((12, [imm[36:47]]),), voff: -6)
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},
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),
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)
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#let ipl = [Immediátum Parvum Lectura]
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== #ipl
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#align(center, cetz.canvas({
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import cetz.draw: *
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scale(.65)
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byte_diag((
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [1]),
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(1, [1]),
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [s]),
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(4, [r]),
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), ((12, [imm[0:11]]),))
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}))
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#let amls = [Ad Memóriam Lectura Scripturaque]
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== #amls
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#align(center, cetz.canvas({
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import cetz.draw: *
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scale(.65)
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byte_diag((
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [1]),
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(1, [s]),
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(4, [r#sub[d]]),
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(4, [r#sub[l]]),
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), ((12, [imm[0:11]]),))
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}))
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#let asss = [Actió Sequentiae Singulí Simplicis]
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== #asss
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#align(center, cetz.canvas({
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import cetz.draw: *
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scale(.65)
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byte_diag((
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(1, [1]),
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(1, [1]),
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(1, [1]),
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(1, [1]),
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(1, [1]),
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(1, [1]),
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(1, [1]),
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(1, [1]),
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(1, [1]),
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(3, [ac]),
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))
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}))
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#let asli = [Actió Sequentiae Locí Immediátí]
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== #asli
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#align(
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center,
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cetz.canvas(
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{
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import cetz.draw: *
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scale(.65)
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byte_diag((
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(1, [1]),
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [C]),
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(1, [E]),
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(1, [N]),
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(1, [U]),
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(1, [R]),
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), ((12, [imm[0:11]]),))
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byte_diag(((12, [imm[12:23]]),), ((12, [imm[24:35]]),), voff: -3)
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byte_diag(((12, [imm[36:47]]),), voff: -6)
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},
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),
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)
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#let aslr = [Actió Sequentiae Loci Recordandí]
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== #aslr
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#align(center, cetz.canvas({
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cetz.draw.scale(.65)
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byte_diag((
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(1, [1]),
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(1, [0]),
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(1, [1]),
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(4, [r#sub[l]]),
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(1, [I]),
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(1, [E]),
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(1, [N]),
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(1, [U]),
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(1, [R]),
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))
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}))
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#let asrd = [Actió Sequentiae Recordandó Dépositus]
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== #asrd
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#align(center, cetz.canvas({
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cetz.draw.scale(.65)
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byte_diag((
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(1, [1]),
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(1, [1]),
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(1, [0]),
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(4, [r#sub[l]]),
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(1, [I]),
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(1, [E]),
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(1, [N]),
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(1, [U]),
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(1, [R]),
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), ((12, [imm[0:11]]),))
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}))
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#pagebreak(weak: true)
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= Instructions by their mnemonics
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Common Notations:
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/ ```ain48 %a, %b, %c, ...```: any register a, b, c
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/ ```ain48 #imm[n]```: An immediate (max: n bits)
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/ ```ain48 %0, %nul```: Writes to ```ain48 %0 / %nul``` are discarded
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/ ```ain48 (%a)```: The memory at the address contained by %a
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/ ```ain48 (#imm[n])```: The memory at the address represented by the immediate (max n bits)
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/ ```ain48 a_label```: The memory address corresponding to the label
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#let ristr(mnem) = [*#raw(mnem, lang: "ain48")* (#ref(label("ins:" + mnem), form: "page"))]
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#let istr(mnem) = strong(raw(mnem, lang: "ain48"))
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#let opt(a, b) = box[
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*#a* = #b
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]
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#let optgrid(..opts) = block({
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text(weight: 900)[Instruction parameters]
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linebreak()
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h(1em)
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opts.pos().join(h(2em))
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})
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#let aludoc(mnemonic, opnum, opsym, commutative, s) = [
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#optgrid(opt[op][#opnum], opt[s][#s])
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/ Instruction format: #amal
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/ #raw(mnemonic + " %a, %b, %c", lang: "ain48"): %a ← %b #opsym %c
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#optgrid(
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opt[i#sub[1]][0],
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opt[i#sub[2]][0],
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opt[r#sub[f]][a],
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opt[r#sub[1]][b],
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opt[r#sub[2]][c],
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)
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/ #raw(mnemonic + " %a, %b, #imm[4]", lang: "ain48"): %a ← %b #opsym imm
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#optgrid(
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opt[i#sub[1]][0],
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opt[i#sub[2]][1],
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opt[r#sub[f]][a],
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opt[r#sub[1]][b],
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opt[imm][imm],
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)
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#if not commutative [
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/ #raw(mnemonic + " %a, #imm[4], %b", lang: "ain48"): %a ← imm #opsym %b
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#optgrid(
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opt[i#sub[1]][1],
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opt[i#sub[2]][0],
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opt[r#sub[f]][a],
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opt[r#sub[2]][b],
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opt[imm][imm],
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)
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]
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/ #raw(mnemonic + " %a, #imm[8]", lang: "ain48"): %a ← %a #opsym imm
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#optgrid(opt[i#sub[1]][1], opt[i#sub[2]][1], opt[r#sub[f]][a], opt[imm][imm])
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]
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#let instructions = (
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(mnem: "STR", name: "Subtrahere", sign: true, description: [
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Subtract one signed number from another.
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#aludoc("STR", "01", "-", false, 1)
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/ Instruction format: #amal
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]),
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(mnem: "ADD", name: "Addere", sign: true, description: [
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Add two signed numbers together.
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#aludoc("ADD", "00", "+", true, 1)
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/ Instruction format: #amal
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]),
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(mnem: "MPL", name: "Multiplicáre", sign: true, description: [
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Multiply two signed numbers together.
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#aludoc("MPL", "02", "×", true, 1)
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/ Instruction format: #amal
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]),
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(mnem: "RSD", name: "Residérí", sign: true, description: [
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Remainder of the Euclidean division of two signed integers.
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Will raise an arithmetic exception if the right operand is zero.
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#aludoc("RSD", "05", "mod", false, 1)
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/ Instruction format: #amal
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]),
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(mnem: "DVD", name: "Dívidere", sign: true, description: [
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Integer part of the Euclidean division of two signed integers.
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Will raise an arithmetic exception if the right operand is zero.
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#aludoc("DVD", "04", "/", false, 1)
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/ Instruction format: #amal
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]),
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(mnem: "DEM", name: "Ad Dextró Movére", sign: true, description: [
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Shift a signed number right by a signed number.
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Will raise an arithmetic exception if the right operand is negative.
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#aludoc("DEM", "06", ">>", false, 1)
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/ Instruction format: #amal
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]),
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(mnem: "SIM", name: "Ad Sinistró Movére", description: [
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Shift a word to the left.
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Will raise an arithmetic exception if the right operand is negative.
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#aludoc("SIM", "07", "<<", false, 0)
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/ Instruction format: #amal
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]),
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(
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mnem: "ILG",
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name: "Immediátum Legere",
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sign: true,
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description: [
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Load a signed immediate value into a register.
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/ ```ain48 ILG %a, #imm[12]```: %a ← imm
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/ Instruction format: #ipl
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#optgrid(opt[s][1], opt[r][a], opt[imm][imm])
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/ ```ain48 ILG %a, #imm[48]```: %a ← imm
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/ Instruction format: #iml
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#optgrid(opt[s][1], opt[r][a], opt[imm][imm])
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The assembler has freedom to choose the appropriate format given the size of the
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immediate. The mnemonics #ristr("IMLG") and #ristr("IPLG") also exist to allow
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the programmer to explicitly request one format or the other: #istr("IMLG") uses #iml and
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#istr("IPLG") uses #ipl.
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],
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also: (
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("IPLG", "Immediátum Parvum Legere"),
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("IMLG", "Immediátum Magnum Legere"),
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),
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),
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(
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mnem: "I",
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name: "Íre",
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description: [
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Go to (jump to) an instruction other than the one immediately following this instruction.
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/ ```ain48 I a_label```: %ia ← a_label
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/ Instruction format: #asli
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#optgrid(
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opt[imm][a_label],
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)
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Some assemblers may opt to assemble calls to nearby labels as if they were of
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the form `IRE %0, #imm[12]` with no loss of correctness.
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/ ```ain48 I #imm[48]```: %ia ← imm\
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/ Instruction Format: #asli
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#optgrid(
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opt[imm][a_label],
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)
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/ ```ain48 I %a```: %ia ← %a\
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/ Instruction Format: #aslr
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#optgrid(
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opt[r#sub[a]][a],
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)
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/ ```ain48 I %nul, #imm[12]```: %ia ← %ia + %a
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/ Instruction Format: #asrd
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#optgrid(
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opt[r#sub[a]][0],
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opt[imm][imm],
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)
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This is a special case of the format just below, where because offsetting from
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%nul is useless, we instead interpret it as an offset from %ia.
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/ ```ain48 I %a, #imm[12]```: %ia ← %a + imm
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/ Instruction Format: #asrd
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#optgrid(
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opt[r#sub[a]][a],
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opt[imm][imm],
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)
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],
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also: (
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(
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"UI",
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"Si nullus est íre",
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[
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Used like #istr("I"), but only jump if the zero bit of the status flag is set.\
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#optgrid(opt[I][0], opt[U][1])
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],
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),
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(
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"NUI",
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"Si nón nullus est íre",
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[
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Used like #istr("I"), but only jump if the zero bit of the status flag is not set.\
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#optgrid(opt[I][1], opt[U][1])
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],
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),
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(
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"NI",
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"Si negatívus est íre",
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[
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Used like #istr("I"), but only jump if the negative bit of the status flag is set.\
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#optgrid(opt[I][0], opt[N][1])
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],
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),
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(
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"NNI",
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"Si nón negatívus est íre",
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[
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Used like #istr("I"), but only jump if the negative bit of the status flag is not set.\
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#optgrid(opt[I][1], opt[N][1])
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],
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),
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(
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"EI",
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"Si excedit íre",
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[
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Used like #istr("I"), but only jump if the carry bit of the status flag is set.\
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#optgrid(opt[I][0], opt[E][1])
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],
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),
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(
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"NEI",
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"Si nón excedit íre",
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[
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Used like #istr("I"), but only jump if the carry bit of the status flag is not set.\
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#optgrid(opt[I][1], opt[C][1])
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],
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),
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(
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"PI",
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"Si positívus est íre",
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[
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Used like #istr("I"), but only jump if neither the zero nor negative flag of the status
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flag is set.
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#optgrid(opt[I][1], opt[N][1], opt[U][1])
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],
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),
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(
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"NPI",
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"Si nón positívus est íre",
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[
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Used like #istr("I"), but only jump if either the zero or negative flag of the status
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flag is set.
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#optgrid(opt[I][0], opt[N][1], opt[U][1])
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],
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),
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("IVC", "Invocáre", [
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Used like #istr("I"), but sets up a function environment prior to jumping:\
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(%it) ← %ia; %it ← %it - 4
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#optgrid(opt[R][1])
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],),
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),
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),
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(
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mnem: "NCIVC",
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name: "In Nucleó Invocáre",
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description: [
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Invoke a kernel space function, see your operating system's ABI for more
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details.
|
|
/ Instruction format: #asss
|
|
#optgrid(opt[ac][3])
|
|
/ ```ain48 NCIVC```: Perform a kernel call.
|
|
],
|
|
),
|
|
(mnem: "IRRV", name: "De Interruptó Reveníre", description: [
|
|
*Privileged*
|
|
Instruction used to exit from the interrupt handler.
|
|
/ Instruction format: #asss
|
|
#optgrid(opt[ac][4])
|
|
/ ```ain48 IRRV```: Return from an interrupt.
|
|
]),
|
|
(mnem: "NCRV", name: "De Nucleó Reveníre", description: [
|
|
*Privileged*
|
|
Return to user space after a system call.
|
|
/ Instruction Format: #asss
|
|
#optgrid(opt[ac][2])
|
|
/ ```ain48 IRRV```: Return from kernelspace.
|
|
]),
|
|
(mnem: "VEL", name: "Vel", description: [
|
|
Bitwise disjunction between two words.
|
|
#aludoc("VEL", [11], sym.or, true, 0)
|
|
]),
|
|
(mnem: "NEC", name: "Nec", description: [
|
|
Bitwise negated disjunction between two words
|
|
#aludoc("NEC", [15], sym.not + sym.or, true, 0)
|
|
]),
|
|
(mnem: "AUT", name: "Aut", description: [
|
|
Bitwise difference between two numbers.
|
|
#aludoc("AUT", [12], sym.xor, true, 0)
|
|
]),
|
|
(mnem: "AEQ", name: "Aequí", description: [
|
|
Bitwise equality between two numbers.
|
|
#aludoc("AEQ", [16], [=], true, 0)
|
|
]),
|
|
(mnem: "ET", name: "Et", description: [
|
|
Bitwise logical conjunction between two numbers.
|
|
#aludoc("ET", [10], sym.and, true, 0)
|
|
]),
|
|
(mnem: "NAM", name: "Non ambó", description: [
|
|
Bitwise negated logical conjunction between two numbers.
|
|
#aludoc("NAM", [14], sym.not + sym.and, true, 0)
|
|
]),
|
|
(
|
|
mnem: "LG",
|
|
name: "Legere",
|
|
description: [
|
|
Read a word from memory.
|
|
/ Instruction Format: #amls
|
|
/ ```ain48 LG %a, (%b), #imm[12]```: %a ← (%b + imm)
|
|
#optgrid(opt[s][0], opt[r#sub[d]][a], opt[r#sub[a]][b], opt[imm][imm])
|
|
/ ```ain48 LG %a, (%b)```: This is a special case of ```ain48 LG %a, (%b), #imm[12]``` where imm = 0.
|
|
],
|
|
),
|
|
(
|
|
mnem: "SC",
|
|
name: "Scríbere",
|
|
description: [
|
|
Write a word to memory.
|
|
/ Instruction Format: #amls
|
|
/ ```ain48 SC %a, (%b), #imm[12]```: (%b + imm) ← %a
|
|
#optgrid(opt[s][1], opt[r#sub[d]][a], opt[r#sub[a]][b], opt[imm][imm])
|
|
/ ```ain48 SC %a, (%b)```: This is a special case of ```ain48 SC %a, (%b), #imm[12]``` where imm = 0
|
|
],
|
|
),
|
|
(mnem: "CESS", name: "Cessáre", description: [
|
|
*Privileged* Halts the CPU.
|
|
/ Instruction Format: #asss
|
|
#optgrid(opt[ac][7])
|
|
/ ```ain48 CESS```: Pause execution.
|
|
]),
|
|
(mnem: "RV", name: "Reveníre", description: [
|
|
Returns from a subroutine.
|
|
/ Instruction Format: #asss
|
|
#optgrid(opt[ac][0])
|
|
/ ```ain48 RV```: %it ← %it - 4; %ia ← (%it)
|
|
]),
|
|
(mnem: "CST", name: "Construere", description: [
|
|
Push the contents of a register onto the stack.
|
|
/ ```ain48 CST %a```: This instruction is a macro implemented as follows:\
|
|
#raw(block: true, "SC %a, (%it)\nPSTR %it, #4", lang: "ain48")
|
|
]),
|
|
(mnem: "DST", name: "Destruere", description: [
|
|
Pop the contents of the top of the stack into a register.
|
|
/ ```ain48 DST %a```: This instruction is a macro implemented as follows:\
|
|
#raw(block: true, "PADD %it, #4\nLG %a, (%it)", lang: "ain48")
|
|
]),
|
|
(mnem: "TSC", name: "Transcríbere", description: [
|
|
Copy between registers.
|
|
/ ```ain48 TSC %a, %b```: %a ← %b.
|
|
This instruction is a macro implemented as ```ain48 VEL %a, %b, %nul```.
|
|
]),
|
|
(mnem: "AN", name: "Actió Nulla", description: [
|
|
Do nothing except increment the instruction counter.
|
|
/ ```ain48 AN```: Do nothing.
|
|
This instruction is a macro implemented as ```ain48 IPLG %0, #0```.
|
|
]),
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
#instructions.map(
|
|
it => {
|
|
let arr = ((mnem: it.mnem, desc: block(breakable: false, width: 100%)[
|
|
== #it.mnem | #it.name
|
|
#label("ins:" + it.mnem)
|
|
#it.description
|
|
|
|
#if it.keys().contains("sign") [See also #ristr("P" + it.mnem)]
|
|
]),)
|
|
if it.keys().contains("sign") {
|
|
arr.push((mnem: "P" + it.mnem, desc: [
|
|
== P#(it.mnem) | Positívós #it.name
|
|
#label("ins:P" + it.mnem)
|
|
Same form(s) as #istr(it.mnem) but with s = 0\
|
|
Unsigned version of #ristr(it.mnem).
|
|
]))
|
|
}
|
|
if it.keys().contains("also") {
|
|
for (m, n, ..r) in it.also {
|
|
arr.push((mnem: m, desc: [
|
|
== #m | #n
|
|
#label("ins:" + m)
|
|
#r.join()
|
|
|
|
See #ristr(it.mnem)
|
|
|
|
]))
|
|
if it.keys().contains("sign") {
|
|
arr.push(
|
|
(
|
|
mnem: "P" + m,
|
|
desc: [
|
|
== P#m | Positivós #n
|
|
Unsigned version of #m; see #ristr("P" + it.mnem) and #ristr(it.mnem).
|
|
],
|
|
),
|
|
)
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
arr
|
|
},
|
|
).join().sorted(key: it => it.mnem).map(it => it.desc).join()
|
|
|
|
#pagebreak(weak: true)
|
|
#outline(depth: 2)
|