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#import "annwan-grammar.typ": *#import "@preview/leipzig-glossing:0.3.0": *#let gl = gloss.with(numbering: true, label-supplement: [Example])#let sc = smallcaps#let nh = it => text(font: "Nahan", size: 1.5em, it)#show: it => conf( title: "The Mosici Language: A Comprehensive Grammar", clong-title: "Mosécéc an-ila: Opinaloila Sineap", main-font: (font: "Minion3"), clong-font: nh, it)#set table(stroke: none)
= Sounds and Letters== Phonology and Phonotactics
Mosici has the following vowels (all of which may be nasalised, for a total of 36) and consonants:#align(center, grid(columns: 2, gutter: 1em, table( columns: 3, align: horizon + center, table.vline(x: 1), [], [*Front*], [*Back*], table.hline(), [*Close*], [i y], [u], [*Close-Mid*], [e ø], [o], [*Open-Mid*], [ɛ], [ɔ], [*Open*], [a], [], ), table(align: horizon+center, columns: 5, table.vline(x: 1), [], [*Labial*], [*Coronal*], [*Palatal*], [*Dorsal*], table.hline(), [*Nasal*], [m], [n], [], [], [*Plosive*], [p], [t], [], [k], [*Fricative*], [ɸ β], [s z], [ɕ ʑ], [ʀ], [*Liquid*], [w], [l], [j], [(w)])))
The minimal syllable structure is *V* maximal syllable structure is *CCCVCCC*.Vowel hiatus is not permitted.
== The Nahan Script
Mosici is written in the Nahan script (also know as the Póliahr script). The script is an alphabet composed of the following letters:#align(center, table(align:horizon+center, columns: 10, table.vline(x: 1),[*Letter*], nh[p], nh[o], nh[l], nh[i], nh[a], nh[h], nh[r], nh[u], nh[c],[*Translit.*], [p], [o], [l], [i], [a], [h], [r], [u], [c],[*Name*], nh[paí], nh[ós], nh[lán], nh[írni], nh[ánta], nh[hapfe], nh[ris], nh[uoc], nh[cal],[*Name (Translit.)*],[paí], [ós], [lán], [írni], [ánta], [hapfe], [ris], [uoc], [cal],[*IPA*],[/p/],[/o/],[/l/],[/e/, /j/],[/a/],[∅#footnote[lengthens a preceding vowel]],[/ʀ/],[/w/],[/k/],table.hline(),[*Letter*], nh[n], nh[e], nh[s], nh[z], nh[f], nh[v], nh[m], nh[t], [],[*Translit.*], [n], [e], [s], [z], [f], [v], [m], [t], [],[*Name*], nh[naol], nh[éstal], nh[sipal], nh[zorel], nh[fasoh], nh[viren], nh[milo], nh[tecio], [],[*Name (Translit.)*], [naol], [éstal], [sipal], [zorel], [fasoh], [viren], [milo], [tecio], [],[*IPA*], [/n/#footnote[nasalises a preceeding vowel, isn’t pronounced when followed by a consonant]], [/ɛ/], [/s/], [/z/], [/ɸ/], [/β/], [/m/], [/t/], [],))
There is also the following modified letters and common digraphs. The diacritic on the vowels is called the #nh[sitrapaóha] ‹sitrapaóha›.
#align(center, table(align: center+horizon, columns: 3, [*Letter(s)*], [*Translit.*], [*IPA*], table.hline(), nh[ó], [ó], [/u/], nh[í], [í], [/i/], nh[á], [á], [/ɔ/], nh[é], [é], [/i/], nh[si], [si], [/ɕ/], nh[zi], [zi], [/ʑ/],))#pagebreak(weak:true)== Vowel CoalescenceWould-be vowel hiatuses are resolved by vowel coalescence. Coalescence happens from both ends of the vowel clusters at the same time (the starting side taking priority) with the following rules:- If any of the two coalescing vowel is long, the resulting vowel is long- If the first vowel is nasal, no coalescence happens, instead a /n/ is inserted- If the second vowel is nasal, the resulting vowel is nasal.- Repeat until all hiatuses have been resolved
#align(center, table(align: center+horizon, columns: 10, table.vline(x: 1),table.vline(x: 4), table.vline(x: 7),[*Second → \ ↓ First*], [*i*], [*y*], [*u*], [*e*], [*ø*], [*o*], [*ɛ*], [*ɔ*], [*a*],table.hline(),[*i*], [ji], [jy], [ju], [je], [jø], [jo], [jɛ], [jɔ], [ja],[*y*], [i], [y], [y], [ø], [y], [ø], [ø], [ø], [ø],[*u*], [wi], [y], [u], [we], [wø], [wo], [wɛ], [wɔ], [wa],table.hline(),[*e*], [i], [ø], [ø], [i], [e], [ø], [e], [ø], [ɛ],[*ø*], [y], [y], [y], [e], [y], [ø], [e], [ø], [ø],[*o*], [ø], [ø], [u], [ø], [ø], [u], [ø], [o], [ɔ],table.hline(),[*ɛ*], [i], [ø], [ø], [i], [e], [ø], [e], [ø], [ɛ],[*ɔ*], [ø], [ø], [o], [ø], [ø], [o], [ø], [ɔ], [ɔ],[*a*], [e], [ø], [o], [ɛ], [ɛ], [ɔ], [a], [ɔ], [ɔ],))
*Examples*:#let x = it => text(fill: color.rgb("#800") ,it)- #nh[sinea] ‹sinea› \*/ɕn#x[ɛa]/ → /ɕn#[*ɛ*]/- #nh[tráiheíns] ‹tráiheíns› \*/tʀ#x[ɔeː]ɛĩs/ → \*/tʀ#[*øː*]#x[ɛĩ]s/ → \*/tʀ#x[øː#[*ĩ*]]s/ → /tʀ#[*ỹː*]s/ = Morphology== NounsNoun patterns are referenced by 2 parameters: the vowel categories, whichaffects plural formation, and the consonant category which affects case marking.
=== Vowel patterns and plurals
There 2 are categories of vowel patterns: plain patterns and accented patterns.
Plain patterns occur when the last vowel of the root of the noun is unmarked (itdoesn’t have a sitrapaóha). The plural in plain patterns is marked by placing a sitrapaóha on thelast vowel of the root of the noun.
Accented patterns occur when the last vowel of the root of the noun already hasa sitrapaóha. The result of pluralisation is dependent of the vowel
Nasalisation is preserved by pluralisation
#align(center, table(columns: 2, [*Root vowel*], [*Plural form*], table.hline(),nh[ó], nh[uo],nh[í], nh[íi],nh[á], nh[o],nh[é], nh[ie],))
=== Consonant patterns and casesThere are 3 consonantal patterns: Concatenative, Substitutive I, and Substitutive II.
The concatenative pattern is used when the root of a noun ends in a vowel, or any of the following consonants: /p f v r w l j/, in this case the case marking affix is placed after the root:#align(center, table(columns: 2, [*Case*], [*Affix*], table.hline(),[*Nominative*], [∅],[*Accusative*], nh[-t],[*Genitive*], nh[-c],[*Allative*], nh[-si],[*Illative*], nh[-via],))
The Substitutive I pattern is used when a noun root ends in /s/, in this case, the case marking replaces the final consonant:#align(center, table(columns: 2, [*Case*], [*Affix*], table.hline(),[*Nominative*], nh[-s],[*Accusative*], nh[-t],[*Genitive*], nh[-c],[*Allative*], nh[-si],[*Illative*], nh[-via],))#pagebreak(weak: true)The Substitutive II pattern is used when a noun root ends in /z/, this pattern is similar to the Substitutive I pattern except the nominative and allative are voiced:#align(center, table(columns: 2, [*Case*], [*Affix*], table.hline(),[*Nominative*], nh[-z],[*Accusative*], nh[-t],[*Genitive*], nh[-c],[*Allative*], nh[-zi],[*Ablative*], nh[-via],))
In the substitutive patterns if the root ends in a /k/ the genitive is null, and if the root ends in a /t/, the accusative is null.
Here are some examples#align(center,table(columns: 3, table.vline(x: 1), [], sc[*sg*], sc[*pl*], table.hline(), sc[*nom*], nh[iplesa], nh[iplesá], sc[*acc*], nh[iplesat], nh[iplesát], sc[*gen*], nh[iplesac], nh[iplesác], sc[*all*], nh[iplesasi], nh[iplesási], sc[*abl*], nh[iplesavia], nh[iplesávia], ) + [#nh[iplesa] “person” (P/C)])
#align(center,table(columns: 3, table.vline(x: 1), [], sc[*sg*], sc[*pl*], table.hline(), sc[*nom*], nh[tráiheíns], nh[tráiheíins], sc[*acc*], nh[tráiheínt], nh[tráiheíint], sc[*gen*], nh[tráiheínc], nh[tráiheíinc], sc[*all*], nh[tráiheínsi], nh[tráiheíinsi], sc[*abl*], nh[tráiheínvia], nh[tráiheíinvia], ) + [#nh[tráiheíns] “fox” (I-A/S-I)])#align(center,table(columns: 3, table.vline(x: 1), [], sc[*sg*], sc[*pl*], table.hline(), sc[*nom*], nh[naleóz], nh[naleuoz], sc[*acc*], nh[naleót], nh[naleuot], sc[*gen*], nh[naleóc], nh[naleuoc], sc[*all*], nh[naleózi], nh[naleuozi], sc[*abl*], nh[naleóvia], nh[naleuovia], ) + [#nh[naleóz] “livestock” (O-A/S-II)])
=== Definite Particle #nh[an-]The definite is marked by the prefix particle #nh[an-] ‹an-› on the head noun.This particle has a special pronounciation rule where before a vowel it is not pronounced \*/ãn-/ but /ãt-/. This is a hold-over from Middle Mosici where it was /ant/ (from Nyelavi anətə) in all environments.
*Examples*:- #nh[farein] /ɸaʀĩ/ “mountain”, #nh[an-farein] /ãfaʀĩ/ “the mountain”- #nh[iplesa] /eplɛsa/ “person”, #nh[an-iplesa] /ãteplɛsa/ “the person”
=== Locatives
The spatial locative is formed by expressing the noun in the genitive and following it by the particle #nh[la] ‹la›
The temporal locative is formed by expressing the noun in the accusative and following it by the particle #nh[anop].
*Examples*:- #nh[sialc la] “in a city”- #nh[an-vint anop] “on the day”
== Verbs
Mosici verbs are inflected for tense and person by a suffix. The gnomic apersonal is used as the lemma form of verbs
#align(center, table(columns: 12, table.vline(x: 1), table.vline(x: 5), table.vline(x: 10), [], sc[*1s*], sc[*2s*], sc[*3sa*], sc[*3si*], sc[*1pe*], sc[*1pi*], sc[*2p*] , sc[*3pa*], sc[*3pi*], sc[*inf*], sc[*pcp*], table.hline(), sc[*pst*], nh[-if], nh[-in], nh[-ih], nh[-is], nh[-ív], nh[-ím], nh[-ín], nh[-ír], nh[-íz], nh[-i], nh[-ip], sc[*prs*], nh[-ef], nh[-en], nh[-eh], nh[-es], nh[-év], nh[-ém], nh[-én], nh[-ér], nh[-éz], nh[-e], nh[-ep], sc[*fut*], nh[-of], nh[-on], nh[-oh], nh[-os], nh[-óv], nh[-óm], nh[-ón], nh[-ór], nh[-óz], nh[-o], nh[-op], sc[*gno*], nh[-af], nh[-an], nh[-ah], nh[-as], nh[-áv], nh[-ám], nh[-án], nh[-ár], nh[-áz], nh[-a], nh[-ap] ))Note that the #sc[pst.pl] and the #sc[prs.pl] are pronounced identically in all environments.
#align(center, table(columns: 12, align: horizon, table.vline(x: 1), table.vline(x: 5), table.vline(x: 10), [], sc[*1s*], sc[*2s*], sc[*3sa*], sc[*3si*], sc[*1pe*], sc[*1pi*], sc[*2p*] , sc[*3pa*], sc[*3pi*], sc[*inf*], sc[*pcp*], table.hline(), table.cell(rowspan: 2, sc[*pst*]), nh[oítif], nh[oítin], nh[oítih], nh[oítis], nh[oítív], nh[oítím], nh[oítín], nh[oítír], nh[oítíz], nh[oíti], nh[oítip], [ytef], [ytẽ], [yteː], [ytes], [ytiβ], [ytim], [ytĩ], [ytiʀ], [ytiz], [yte], [ytep], table.hline(), table.cell(rowspan: 2, sc[*prs*]), nh[oítef], nh[oíten], nh[oíteh], nh[oítes], nh[oítév], nh[oítém], nh[oítén], nh[oítér], nh[oítéz], nh[oíte], nh[oítep], [ytɛf], [ytɛ̃], [ytɛː], [ytɛs], [ytiβ], [ytim], [ytĩ], [ytiʀ], [ytiz], [ytɛ], [ytɛp], table.hline(), table.cell(rowspan: 2, sc[*fut*]), nh[oítof], nh[oíton], nh[oítoh], nh[oítos], nh[oítóv], nh[oítóm], nh[oítón], nh[oítór], nh[oítóz], nh[oíto], nh[oítop], [ytof], [ytõ], [ytoː], [ytos], [ytuβ], [ytum], [ytũ], [ytuʀ], [ytuz], [yto], [ytop], table.hline(), table.cell(rowspan: 2, sc[*gno*]), nh[oítaf], nh[oítan], nh[oítah], nh[oítas], nh[oítáv], nh[oítám], nh[oítán], nh[oítár], nh[oítáz], nh[oíta], nh[oítap], [ytaf], [ytã], [ytaː], [ytas], [ytɔβ], [ytɔm], [ytɔ̃], [ytɔʀ], [ytɔz], [yta], [ytap], ) + [ Conjugation table for #nh[oíta] “_to be high_” ] + { let nh = it => text(font: "Nahan", size: 1.25em, it) table(columns: 12, align: horizon, table.vline(x: 1), table.vline(x: 5), table.vline(x: 10), [], sc[*1s*], sc[*2s*], sc[*3sa*], sc[*3si*], sc[*1pe*], sc[*1pi*], sc[*2p*] , sc[*3pa*], sc[*3pi*], sc[*inf*], sc[*pcp*], table.hline(), table.cell(rowspan: 2, sc[*pst*]), nh[sineif], nh[sinein], nh[sineih], nh[sineis], nh[sineív], nh[sineím], nh[sineín], nh[sineír], nh[sineíz], nh[sinei], nh[sineip], [ɕnif], [ɕnĩ], [ɕniː], [ɕnis], [ɕniβ], [ɕnim], [ɕnĩ], [ɕniʀ], [ɕniz], [ɕni], [ɕnip], table.hline(), table.cell(rowspan: 2, sc[*prs*]), nh[sineef], nh[sineen], nh[sineeh], nh[sinees], nh[sineév], nh[sineém], nh[sineén], nh[sineér], nh[sineéz], nh[sinee], nh[sineep], [ɕnef], [ɕnẽ], [ɕneː], [ɕnes], [ɕniβ], [ɕnim], [ɕnĩ], [ɕniʀ], [ɕniz], [ɕne], [ɕnep], table.hline(), table.cell(rowspan: 2, sc[*fut*]), nh[sineof], nh[sineon], nh[sineoh], nh[sineos], nh[sineóv], nh[sineóm], nh[sineón], nh[sineór], nh[sineóz], nh[sineo], nh[sineop], [ɕnøf], [ɕnø̃], [ɕnøː], [ɕnøs], [ɕnøβ], [ɕnøm], [ɕnɛø̃], [ɕnøʀ], [ɕnøz], [ɕnø], [ɕnøp], table.hline(), table.cell(rowspan: 2, sc[*gno*]), nh[sineaf], nh[sinean], nh[sineah], nh[sineas], nh[sineáv], nh[sineám], nh[sineán], nh[sineár], nh[sineáz], nh[sinea], nh[sineap], [ɕnɛf], [ɕnɛ̃], [ɕnɛː], [ɕnɛs], [ɕnøβ], [ɕnøm], [ɕnø̃], [ɕnøʀ], [ɕnøz], [ɕnɛ], [ɕnɛp], )} + [ Conjugation table for #nh[sinea] “_to be complete_” ] )
=== Tense and Person
=== Mood and Aspect
=== Stative verbs and verbal nouns
= Numbers
Mosici uses base six numerals. Ordinals are formed by using the number in the genitive. Numbers are notatied using bijecteve positional notation with the letters #nh[m l t f n] and #nh[s] as digits, least significant digit to the left, sometimes written inbetween #nh[()] to limit ambiguity. The ordinal shorthand is a subscript #nh[c] (for example #nh[(mlss#sub[c])] “1525#super[th]”).#align(center, table(columns: 4, [*Decimal*], [*Senary*], [*Shorthand*], [*Number*], table.hline(), [1], [1], nh[m], nh[mon], [2], [2], nh[l], nh[lí], [3], [3], nh[t], nh[tep], [4], [4], nh[f], nh[vol], [5], [5], nh[n], nh[nar], [6], [10], nh[s], nh[sel], table.hline(), [7], [11], nh[mm], nh[mon-sel], [8], [12], nh[lm], nh[lí-sel], [12], [20], nh[sm], nh[sellí], [13], [21], nh[ml], nh[mon-sellí], [18], [30], nh[sl], nh[seltep], [24], [40], nh[st], nh[selvol], [30], [50], nh[sf], nh[selnar], [36], [100], nh[sn], nh[siant], table.hline(), [37], [101], nh[ms], nh[mon-siant], [42], [110], nh[ss], nh[sel-siant], [43], [111], nh[mmm], nh[mon-sel-siant], [72], [200], nh[snm], nh[siantlí], [108], [300], nh[snl], nh[sianttep], [144], [400], nh[snt], nh[siantvol], [180], [500], nh[snf], nh[siantnar], [216], [1000], nh[snn], nh[starel], table.hline(), [432], [2000], nh[snnm], nh[starelí], [648], [3000], nh[snnl], nh[stareltep], [864], [4000], nh[snnt], nh[starelvol], [1080], [5000], nh[snnf], nh[starelnar], [1296], [10000], nh[snnn], nh[pamonstrel]))
For larger numbers, series of powers of 1296#sub[DEC] are used. They are of the form #nh[pa]...#nh[strel]. For example:- #nh[pamonstrel] = 1296#super[1] = 1296- #nh[palístrel] = 1296#super[2] = 1679616- #nh[pasiantstrel] = 1296#super[36]Shorthand is typically divided in groups of four, separated by spaces. For example #nh[(msln ffls nt)] = 40 0244 5301#sub[SEN] = 40 441 573#sub[DEC].
= Syntax
= Sample texts
#dict(data: yaml("dictionnary.yml"), wformat: nh, key: it => { let alphabet = (p: "a", o: "b", ó: "b", l: "c", i: "d", í: "d", a: "e", á: "e", h: "f", r: "g", u: "h", c: "i", n: "j", e:"k",é:"k",s:"m",z:"n",f:"o",v:"p",m: "q", t:"r","-":" "," ":" ") let a = () for letter in it.w { a.push(alphabet.at(letter)) } return a.join()},debug: true)
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